• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.223-259
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• 2020

With COVID-19 spreading rapidly around the world, research and development issues on treatments and vaccines for the virus are of high interest. Among them, Remdesivir was the first to show noticeable therapeutic effects and began clinical trials, with each country authorizing the use of the drug through emergency approval. However, Gilead Co., Ltd., the developer of Remdesivir, received a lot of criticism from civic groups for submitting the application for the marketing authorization as an orphan drug. This is because when a new drug got a marketing authorization as an orphan drug could be granted an exclusive status for seven year. The long-term exclusive status of an orphan drug comes from the policy purpose of motivating pharmaceutical companies to develop treatment opportunities for patients suffering from rare diseases, which was not appropriate to apply to infectious disease treatments. This paper provides a review of the problems and improvement directions of the domestic system through comparative legal consideration against the United States, Europe and Japan for the statutes which give exclusive status to medicines. The domestic system has a fundamental problem that it does not have explicit provisions in the statute in the manner of granting exclusive status, and that it uses the review system to give it exclusive status indirectly. In addition, in the case of orphan drugs, the "Rare Diseases Management Act" and the "Regulations on Examination of Items Permission and Reporting of Drugs" provide overlapping review periods, and despite the relatively long monopoly period, there seems to be no check clause to recover exclusive status in the event of a change in circumstances. Given that biopharmaceuticals are difficult to obtain patents, the lack of such provisions is a pity of domestic legislation, although granting exclusive rights may be a great motivation to induce drug development. In the United States, given that the first biosimilar also has a one-year monopoly period, it can be interpreted that domestic legislation is quite strictly limited to granting exclusive status to biopharmaceuticals. The need for improvement of the domestic system will be recognized in that it could undermine local pharmaceutical companies' willingness to develop biopharmaceuticals in the future, and in that it is also necessary to harmonize international regulations. Taking advantage of the emergence of COVID-19 as an opportunity, we look again at the problems of the domestic system that grants exclusive rights to medicines and hope that an overall revision of the relevant legislation will be made to establish a unified legal basis.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2003

A biologically inspired fuzzy multilayer perceptron is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is established under consideration of biological neuronal structure as well as fuzzy logic operation. We applied this suggested learning algorithm to benchmark problem in neural network such as exclusive OR and 3-bit parity, and to digit image recognition problems. For the comparison between the existing and proposed neural networks, the convergence speed is measured. The result of our simulation indicates that the convergence speed of the proposed learning algorithm is much faster than that of conventional backpropagation algorithm. Furthermore, in the image recognition task, the recognition rate of our learning algorithm is higher than of conventional backpropagation algorithm.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2014

Traditional block cipher Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is widely used in the field of network security, but it has high overhead on each operation. In the 15th international workshop on information security applications, a novel lightweight and low-power encryption algorithm named low-power encryption algorithm (LEA) was released. This algorithm has certain useful features for hardware and software implementations, that is, simple addition, rotation, exclusive-or (ARX) operations, non-Substitute-BOX architecture, and 32-bit word size. In this study, we further improve the LEA encryptions for cloud computing. The Web-based implementations include JavaScript and assembly codes. Unlike normal implementation, JavaScript does not support unsigned integer and rotation operations; therefore, we present several techniques for resolving this issue. Furthermore, the proposed method yields a speed-optimized result and shows high performance enhancements. Each implementation is tested using various Web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, and Mozilla Firefox, and on various devices including personal computers and mobile devices. These results extend the use of LEA encryption to any circumstance.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.1366-1373
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• 2010

Purpose of the electric power system planning and operation is to supply the electric energy to customers continuously and economically. With the mutual exclusive laws of nature between reliability and economic, finding the meeting point is very important but not easy. Commonly the probabilistic reliability indices of the electric power systems are represented with negatively. And the effectiveness of FACTS on the probabilistic reliability could not be reflected with common methods. In this paper, a method to evaluate the probabilistic arrival power at each load point is presented. With this new proposed method, probabilistic reserve margin at load points can be calculated and which can be used with positive reliability index also. Using the P-V analysis, the voltage stability is considered in reliability evaluation. It is expected that the proposed method will be useful expecially in reliability evaluation of electric power system which has voltage restriction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.167-174
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• 1998

Recently several researches of high speed container ship and loading system are mainly accomplished in U.S.A. and Japan. Its shipping service is not realized but it is realized in near future. To effective use of the feature and efficiency of them, quay, loading/unloading. yard operation system, port management system and connection transport system must be well integrated and operated. Specially, loading /unloading speed of container crane is important for making effective use of them. To speed up loading/unloading system, RO-RO and LO-LO methods that are mostly exclusive system are studied on the container crane with special structure and mechanism to handle individual container or bundle of containers. In this paper these methods are shown. When new high speed loading system of container is desighed, the realistic constrains must be considered.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.756-761
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• 2010

Bimodal trams are run by a guidance system and combine the functions of buses and trains. The trams have been highlighted as an alternative means of public transportation due to their accessibility, mobility, and arrival accuracy. While bimodal trams can be implemented on existing roads or by road expansion, with the narrow road conditions in Korea, studies must be performed in advance on suitable lane and platform locations and the exclusivity of lane use. This paper proposes plans for the location of bimodal tram lanes and platforms, whether in the median or at the road’s edge. In addition, methods of efficient bimodal tram operation are discussed, including the implementation of exclusive tram lanes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.299-303
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• 2005

A lighting control switch, extended to incorporate a power line communication technology, is developed. The system uses not an exclusive microprocessor but a general one, and developed PPM protocol. The coupling circuit is a type of an isolation LC filter, and the impedance of the circuit was designed as low as possible to extend signal transmission distance. The frequency of the carrier, considering the data length and signal attenuation as the length of power lines, was set at 250 kHz. Tests on a prototype in an indoor power lines have shown that the switch has a stable operation with the distance of power lines

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.135-142
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• 1999

This paper deals with dynamic characteristics of automated guideway transit vehicle with rubber tires. Several models for guideway system of LRT(Light Rail Transit) have been Proposed because of the necessity of guideway system for LRT with rubber tires on exclusive rail unlike steel tires. Here, steering system and bogie system are investigated to compare with dynamic characteristics. On selecting guideway system, the way of vehicle operation should be considered and simultaneously the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle must be evaluated with respect to each guideway. The results show that stability is essential for vehicle with steering system, and that single-axle bogie system gives the good stability, though it is necessary to reduce the guide-wheel force

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.433-436
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• 2010

In this paper, we presented a ciphering method whose target data is any kind of digital bit-stream. It uses a chaotic system as the main encrypting tool, MISR (Multi-Input Signature Register), and shift-and-rotation function, all of which are exclusive-ORed with the plaintext. Also, it incorporates a cipher text feedback mode such that part of the previously ciphered data is fed back to encrypt the current data. The encryption block size and the amount of feedback data are different at each ciphering operation. Experimental results with the image/video date showed that this method has enough speed and encryption effect with negligible latency time. Thus, we are expecting it to have various application areas that need high speed stream ciphering with high security level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.47-48
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• 2018

In this paper, by utilizing the function of the electronic chart display information system, which is a device that displays the waterway information such as the position, sink, speed, chart information, and depth of the ship, Implementation of electronic chart viewer system focusing on information collection, installation, operation and maintenance of traffic facilities.