• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen debt, lactate and excess lactate were measured in 13 men with low hematocrit ratio before and after maximal exercise. Maximal exercise run was performed on a treadmill and the duration of run was 2 minutes 45 seconds in each subject. Hematocrit ratio ranged between 35 and 47%, the mean being 39.8%. The following results were obtained. 1. Maximal oxygen debt expressed on basis of body weight increased as the hematocrit ratio decreased. The correlation coefficient between the two was r= -0.770. 2. The time necessary for decreasing to 50% of total maximal $O_2$ debt(half time) became longer as the hematocrit ratio decreased. In normal men the half time was about 4 minutes and at the longest it was 12 minutes in men with the lowest hematocrit ratio. 3. The lactate concentration reached its peak value after 3 minutes of recovery. Thereafter, the time course of decrease in lactate concentration coincided roughly with that of respiratory oxygen debt curve. To reach to the resting level, however, it took longer time than that of respiratory oxygen debt. 4. Resting concentrations of lactate was 1.28 mM/l, pyruvate 0.13 mM/l and L/P ratio was 9.8. Peak value of ${\Delta}L$ after exercise reached to the value of 10.4 mM/l and ${\Delta}L/P$ reached 26.0. Peak excess lactate after exercise was 6.34 mM/l. 5. The part of oxygen debt accounted for by the oxygen equivalent of excess lactate was only 38.4%. A better relationship between lactate and oxygen debt was observed and the part of oxygen debt accounted for by the oxygen equivalent of lactate was 63.3%. 6. Peak value of lactate after maximal exercise increased as the hematocrit ratio decreased. 7. Respiratory oxygen debt of 100 ml/kg was accounted for by lactate more than 60% and only 30% was by excess lactate. 8. Excess lactate was not a good index of respiratory oxygen debt.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

Against the backdrop of the clear impact of climate change, it has become essential to analyze the influence of climate change and relevant vulnerabilities. This research involved evaluating the impact of heat waves in Seoul, from among many local autonomous bodies that are responsible for implementing measures on adapting to climate change. To carry out the evaluation, the A1B scenario was used to forecast future temperature levels. Future climate scenario results were downscaled to $1km{\times}1km$ to result in the incorporation of regional characteristics. In assessing the influence of heat waves on people-especially the excess mortality-we analyzed critical temperature levels that affect excess mortality and came up with the excess mortality. Results of this evaluation on the impact of climate change and vulnerabilities indicate that the number of days on which the daily average temperature reaches $28.1^{\circ}C$-the critical temperature for excess mortality-in Seoul will sharply increase in the 2050s and 2090s. The highest level of impact will be in the month of August. The most affected areas in the summer will be Songpa-gu, Gangnam-gu, and Yeongdeungpo-gu. These areas have a high concentration of residences which means that heat island effects are one of the reasons for the high level of impact. The excess mortality from heat waves is expected to be at least five times the current figure in 2090. Adaptation plan needs to be made on drawing up long-term adaptation measures as well as implementing short-term measures to minimize or adapt the impact of climate change.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2019

Objectives : In spite of the difficulty of getting Agarwood, the number of species of wild Agarwood is rapidly decreasing by insistent demands. Here, we investigate how various formula of Agarwood is used so that we can make use of them more helpful in clinics today. Methods : Determining the range of 'the Sovereign and Minister' component more than 12.96%" or 'equally used', this study distinguished whether Agarwood is used as 'the Sovereign and Minister' component among 409 Agarwood formulas in "Sheng ji zong lu(聖濟總錄)" and 103 Agarwood formulas in "Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑)". Additionally, we analyzed the component ratio of Agarwood, and also the usage in Deficiency-Excess pattern. Results : Among Agarwood formulas in "Sheng ji zong lu" and "Donguibogam", each percentage of Agarwood formulas which Agarwood comprises 'the Sovereign and Minister' component was 26%(106/406) and 13%(13/99). Analyzing these formulas of "Sheng ji zong lu", 53 formulas were used in Deficiency pattern and other 53 formulas were used in Excess pattern. Also in "Donguibogam", 6 formulas were used in each Deficiency pattern and Excess pattern, and only 1 formula in both of Deficiency and Excess pattern. Conclusions : Showing almost equal ratio of usage in Deficiency-Excess pattern, this study showed that those Agarwood formulas of "Sheng ji zong lu" and "Donguibogam" which Agarwood comprises 'the Sovereign and Minister' component can be used in both Deficiency-Excess pattern evenly.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This paper aims to present a model of obesity and leanness based on eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine. I analyzed the theory of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism, yang transforming ki and eum forming the body on Korean medicine, and compared them with energy homeostasis by anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine. In the eum and yang theory, the metabolic process of the human body is dominated by synergism and antagonism between eum force and yang force. When the balance of eum and yang collapses, all the pathological actions of the human body appear, and in the eum and yang metabolic process, an imbalance between yang transforming ki and eum forming the body occurs. The function of yang transforming ki is reduced to ki deficiency, and the function of eum forming the body is increased to blood excess. When blood excess and ki deficiency is given, energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, overweight and obesity occur. On the contrary, the function of yang transforming ki is increased to ki excess, and the function of eum forming the body is decreased to blood deficiency. When ki excess and blood deficiency is done, energy intake decreases and energy expenditure increases, the body becomes leanness. When the balance of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism collapses and becomes blood excess and ki deficiency, overweight and obesity occur, and when ki excess and blood deficiency is done, the body becomes leanness. The energy homeostasis of the human body can be explained by eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine and it contains the concept of anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.979-987
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• 2008

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of acute stroke patients between excess syndrome and deficiency syndrome groups. Method : We recruited stroke patients from the patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of Kyunghee University Oriental Medical Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Medical Center, Kyungwon University Songpa Oriental Medical Center and Kyungwon University Incheon Oriental Medical Center from April 2007 to August 2008. We diagnosed acute stroke patients as either excess syndrome or deficiency syndrome and analyzed their characteristics for type of stroke, blood test result. Sasang constitution and lifestyle. Result : We found height, weight, BMI, W/H ratio, hypertension, diabetes, migraine, silent infarction, TG, total lipid, HDL-chol, RBC, Hb, hematocrit, alcohol, smoking and Sasang constitution (Tae-eum, So-yang) were more associated with the excess syndrome group. And we found sea food and Sasang constitution(So-eum) was more associated with the deficiency syndrome group. Conclusion : According to the analysis, we found that the excess syndrome group had more risk factors than the deficiency syndrome group. These results could be utilized in the future as a basis material for Oriental medicine therapy. Further studies will be needed to better understand the differences between excess syndrome and deficiency syndrome groups among acute stroke patients.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

In order to study electric properties of (Pb$\_$0.9/La$\_$0.1/)Ti$\_$0.975/O$_3$(PLT (10)) films with varying excess lead concentration (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 ㏖% excess lead), the PLT films were deposited by sol-gel process. DTA analyses reveal that the crystallization temperature of the precursor powers decreased with increasing amount of excess lead. XRD patterns of PLT reveal pure perovskite structure and the preferred orientation increased with increasing Pb content in the films. With increasing amount of excess P$\_$b/, the relative permittivity ($\xi$$\_$r/) increased and leakage current density at 100 ㎸/cm transformed 4.01$\times$10$\^$-5/, 2.42$\times$10$\^$-6/, 1.27$\times$10$\^$-6/, 1.56$\times$10$\^$-6/A/㎠ respectively. In the results of hysteresis loops measured at 166 kV/cm, the remanent polarization (P$\_$r/) and the coercive field (E$\_$c) are 6.36$\mu$C/cm and 58.7 ㎸/cm, respectively (at 12.5 ㏖% excess P$\_$b/) With increasing amount of excess Pb, the remanent polarization for PLT thin film degraded to about 44%, 27%, 15%, 16% of the initial value after 10$\^$9/ cycles./TEX>) With increasing amount of excess Pb, the remanent polarization for PLT thin film degraded to about 44%, 27%, 15%, 16% of the initial value after $10^{9}$ cycles.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.167-181
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• 1991

The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of forskolin on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by Ach, excess $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343 and caffeine from the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands and to elucidate its mechanism of action. The perfusion with forskolin (1.0 uM) for 1 min into the adrenal vein enhanced markedly the secreation of CA evoked by Ach (50 ug), excess $K^+$ (56 mM) DMPP (100 uM) and by caffeine (0.3 mM) but did not that by McN-A-343. Forskolin alone did not potentiate the CA secretion. Moreover, forskolin augmented the CA release evoked by the above same stimulation even in the absence of extracellular calcium. The 1 min perfusion of 300 uM-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP), which is known to increase cyclic AMP levels, led to enhancement of Ca secretion evoked by Ach, excess $K^+$ and DMPP but did not that by McN-A-343 and caffeine. DBcAMP by itself also did not augment the CA secretion. In the calcium-free medium DBcAMP significantly enhanced the CA secretion by the same stimulation, except for the case of McN-A-343. These experimental results suggest that forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, resulting the elevation of cyclic AMP which may potentiate cholinergic nicotinic receptor-mediated and also depolarization-dependent CA secretion and that it may alter the intracellular calcium homeostasis in the rat adrenal glands.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2012

The allocation to third parties in increase of capital is increasing in KOSDAQ firms. With this trend, they cause many problems which involves stock price manipulation. Under this condition, this study analyzes stock price reaction by event study to 197 cases of 81 KOSDAQ companies that allocated to third parties in increase of capital between the year of 2007 and 2009. And we find determinants of cumulative abnormal return by using multiple regression. Results of this research are as follows. First, in case of excess return of (-5, +5), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 4 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 5 days after payment day. Second, in case of excess return of (-40, +40), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days after payment day. Third, in case of excess return of (0, 1 year), it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 1 year after payment day. Fourth, significant determinant of cumulative abnormal return to (-5, +5) was firm size with positive effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (-40, +40) were reserve ratio and debt ratio. Reserve ratio has positive effect But debt ratio has negative effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (0, 1 year) were firm size, debt ratio, reserve ratio. equity ratio to large shareholder. Firm size, debt ratio, equity ratio to large shareholder have negative effect. But reserve ratio has positive effect.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.444-452
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• 2006

This paper reports experimental excess molar volumes $V^E_m$ using a digital vibrating-tube densimeter and excess molar enthalpies $H^E_m$ by means of an isothermal microcalorimeter with a flow mixing cell for the binary mixtures{1,2-dichloropropane + 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol} and {1,2-dichloropropane + 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol} at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. All the $V^E_m$ and $H^E_m$ of the two binary mixtures showed S-shaped forms, being negative for poor and positive for rich 1,2-dichloropropane mole fractions. These show that the excess properties were shown to be negative deviation from ideality due to the strong self-association effect among 2-(2-alkoxyethoxy)ethanol molecules at an early stage of mixing, a relatively high energy then is needed to break hydrogen bonds of 2-(2-alkoxyethoxy)ethanol with an increase ofhalogenated hydrocarbon molecular at high mole fraction of 1,2-dichloropropane. The values of excess molar properties($V^E_m$ and $H^E_m$) were fitted by the Redlich-Kister equation using Nelder-Mead's simplex pattern search method. The Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the $H^E_m$ values.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2009

Phase equilibrium and dynamic behavior studies were performed in systems containing $C_{12}E_5$ nonionic surfactant solution and nonpolar hydrocarbon oil. The phase behavior result showed an oil-in-water(O/W) microemulsion(${\mu}E$) in equilibrium with excess oil phase at low temperatures and a water-in-oil(W/O) ${\mu}E$ in equilibrium with excess water phase at high temperatures. For intermediate temperatures a 3 phase region containing excess water, excess oil, and a middle-phase microemulsion was observed and the transition temperature was found to increase with an increase in the chain length of a hydrocarbon oil. Dynamic behavior at low temperatures showed that an oil drop size decreased linearly with time due to solubilization into micelles and the solubilization rate decreased with an increase in the chain length of a hydrocarbon oil. On the other hand, both spontaneous emulsification of water into oil phase and expansion of oil drop with time were observed because of diffusion of surfactant and water into oil phase. Under conditions of a 3 phase region including a middle-phase ${\mu}E$, both rapid solubilization and emulsification of oil into aqueous surfactant solution were found mainly due to the existence of ultra-low interfacial tension. Interfacial tensions were measured as a function of time for n-decane oil drops brought into contact with 1 wt% surfactant solution at $25^{\circ}C$. Both equilibrium interfacial tension and equilibration time were found to increase with an increase in the chain length of a hydrocarbon oil.