• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2011

The virulence against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was evaluated with entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson HY-4 which is isolated from coleopteran insect and registered to Korean and US patents. Virulence tests were conducted with conidial suspensions ($1.5{\times}10^6conidia/ml$) of P. lilacinus HY-4 against T. urticae adults and positive results were recorded in laboratory conditions. The spraying device was also developed for the efficient and exact evaluation of treatment. The developed spraying device was named as SD-tower sprayer and its efficacy of spraying conidia was evaluated. The accumulated mortality caused by P. lilacinus HY-4 using SD-tower spray was about 73% at 6 days after inoculation. This suggest that the isolate P. lilacinus HY-4 may be considered as promising for a new approach to prevent adult infestations by T. urticae.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.436-437
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• 2012

Double patterning technology (DPT) has been suggested as a promising candidates of the next generation lithography technology in FLASH and DRAM manufacturing in sub-40nm technology node. DPT enables to overcome the physical limitation of optical lithography, and it is expected to be continued as long as e-beam lithography takes place in manufacturing. Several different processes for DPT are currently available in practice, and they are litho-litho-etch (LLE), litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE), litho-freeze-litho-etch (LFLE), and self-aligned double patterning (SADP) [1]. The self-aligned approach is regarded as more suitable for mass production, but it requires precise control of sidewall space etch profile for the exact definition of hard mask layer. In this paper, we propose etch end point detection (EPD) in spacer etching to precisely control sidewall profile in SADP. Conventional etch EPD notify the end point after or on-set of a layer being etched is removed, but the EPD in spacer etch should land-off exactly after surface removal while the spacer is still remained. Precise control of real-time in-situ EPD may help to control the size of spacer to realize desired pattern geometry. To demonstrate the capability of spacer-etch EPD, we fabricated metal line structure on silicon dioxide layer and spacer deposition layer with silicon nitride. While blanket etch of the spacer layer takes place in inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE), in-situ monitoring of plasma chemistry is performed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and the acquired data is stored in a local computer. Through offline analysis of the acquired OES data with respect to etch gas and by-product chemistry, a representative EPD time traces signal is derived. We found that the SE-EPD is useful for precise control of spacer etching in DPT, and we are continuously developing real-time SE-EPD methodology employing cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart [2].

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

This study utilizes Monte Carlo simulation to forecast the time charter rate of vessels, the three-month Libor interest rate, and the ship demolition price, to mitigate future uncertainties involving these factors. The simulation was performed 10,000 times to obtain an exact result. For the empirical analysis - based on considerations in ordering ships in 2010-a comparison between the Monte Carlo simulation-based stochastic discounted cash flow (DCF) method and traditional DCF methods was made. The analysis revealed that the net present value obtained through Monte Carlo simulation was lower than that obtained via regular DCF methods, alerting the owners to risks and preventing them from placing injudicious orders for ships. This research has implications in reducing the uncertainties that future shipping markets face, through the use of a stochastic DCF approach with relevant variables and probability methods.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1229-1234
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• 2009

The rolling stocks of KORAIL are KTX, Saemaulho Multiple Unit(PP), New Electrical Locomotive(DL), Electrical Locomotive(EL), Diesel Locomotive, Metropolitan Commuter Train(CDC), VVVF and Resistance Controlled Multiple Unit, etc. EMU with the maximum speed of 150km/h is under the test run at the moment. Electrical Multiple Units for mainlines with 180km/h speed are supposed to be introduced as a substitute for Saemaulho Multiple Unit which is scheduled to be out of service. But the specification standard for the control board design of train driver's cab does not exist and there is no a study for layout and type of controlling device with driver's ergonomical approach. That's why the types of controller and operating are different from rolling stocks, which has high possibility of driver's human error and needs education whenever a new car comes in. Based on the opinion poll of drivers, design specification of safety engineering and ergonomics for controlling devices and safety facilities can improve exact control for devices and deal quickly with an emergency so as to improve rolling stock safety and operational efficiency.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

Since motion estimation and motion compensation methods remove the redundant data to employ the temporal redundancy in images, it plays an important role in digital video compression. Because of its high computational complexity, however, it is difficult to apply to high-resolution applications in real time environments. If we have information about the motion of an image block before the motion estimation, the location of a better starting point for the search of an exact motion vector can be determined to expedite the searching process. In this paper, we present an adaptive motion estimation approach bated on temporal correlations of consecutive image frames that defines the search pattern and determines the location of the initial search point adaptively. Through experiments, compared with DS(Diamond Search) algorithm, the proposed algorithm is about 0.1∼0.5(dB) better than DS in terms of PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and improves as high as 50% compared with DS in terms of average number of search point per motion vector estimation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.247-256
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• 1999

Ginseng has been used in maintaining physical vitality throughout the far-eastern countries and recently its metabolism and actions on neurologic, cardiovascular, and endocrinologic systems are studied. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been used in various ailments, and to prove its efficacy for erectile dysfunction an international study on Asians other than Korean was performed. Patients with borderline organic and psychogenic erectile dysfunction were included. KRG were given daily, and placebo were given as controls. Treatment lasted a total of 3 months. Surveys including libido, erection, ejaculation, sexual activity, and sexual satisfaction were given. Serum testosterone and erectile function study were taken. Among the 64 patients, 37 patients were followed with KRG. Five had diabetes, 5 hypertension, 5 hypercholesterolemia, 6 low testosterone, 6 psychogenic, and 11 idiopathic. The improvement after KRG administration was $70.2\%$ on objective questionnaire and $75.7\%$ on subjective analysis. When KRG were given, all parameters surveyed have shown improvements compared to the placebo. The effects of KRG in Chinese and Singapores were similar to the Koreans. Serum testosterone levels were nonnalized in 6 patients with KRG, who's serum testosterone levels were reduced from pre-study. Two patient reported constipation, and 2 gastric upsets in the KRG group. In conclusion, KRG has beneficiary action on male erectile capabilities with little side effects. KRG is effective in Koreans and also Asians. The exact action mechanism and the active ingredients in KRG need to be studied.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.208-215
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• 1998

Ginseng has been used in maintaining physical vitality all over the East Asian countries and recently its metabolism and actions on neurologic, cardiovascular and endocrinologic systems are being elucidated. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been used in various aliments, and to prove its efficacy icy erectile dysfunction an international study on Asians other than Korean was performed. Patients with borderline organic and psychogenic erectile dysfunction were included. KRG were given daily, and placebos were given as controls. Treatment lasted a total of 3 months. Surveys including libido, erectile potency, the sexual satisfactions were given. Serum testosterone and erectile function study were taken. Among the 23 patients with KRG, 18 patients were followed. Four had diabetes, 2 hypertension, 3 hyperchole, iterolemia, 1 low testosterone,4 psychogenic, and 4 idiopathic. In 10 patients with placebo, 7 were followed for more than three months. The clinical efficacy of KRG was 66.7% on objective Questionnaire and 72.2% on subjective analysis. When KRG were given, all parameters surveyed have shown improvements compared to the controls. Serum testosterone Bevels were normalized in 2 patients with KRG, whose serum testosterone levels were reduced from prestudy. When the erectile functions after audiovisual stimuli evaluated using Rigiscan in 6 patients with KRG,4 showed rigidity move than 70oyc. One patient reported constipation, and 2 gastric up-sets in the KRG group. In conclusion, KRG has beneficiary action on male erectile capabilities with minimal side effects. Thus KRG has been proven effective in Koreans, and a result on other Asians is pending. The exact action mechanism and the active ingredients in KRC need to be itudied.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.724-737
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• 2011

The goal of solving a contiguous land acquisition problem is to find an optimal cluster of land parcels so that one can move from an acquired parcel to another without leaving the cluster. In many urban and regional planning applications, criteria such as acquisition cost and compactness of acquired parcels are important. Recent research has demonstrated that spatial contiguity can be formulated in a mixed integer programming framework. Spatial compactness, however, is typically formulated in an approximate manner using parameters such as external border length or other shape indices of acquired land parcels. This paper first develops an alternative measure of spatial compactness utilizing the characteristics of the internal structure of a contiguous set of land parcels and then incorporates this new measure into a mixed integer program of contiguous land acquisition problems. A set of computational experiments are designed to demonstrate the use of our model in a land acquisition context.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.2A
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• pp.137-145
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• 2002

In the method of 3D modeling, stereo matching method which obtains three dimensional depth information from the two images is taken from the different view points. In general, it is very essential work for the 3D modeling from 2D stereo images to estimate the exact disparity through fading the conjugate pair of pixel from the left and right image. In this paper to solve the problems of the stereo image disparity estimation, we introduce a novel approach method to improve the exactness and efficiency of the disparity. In the first place, we perform a wavelet transformation of the stereo images and set the reference points in the image by the feature-based matching method. This reference points have very high probability over 95 %. In the base of these reference points we can decide the size of the variable block searching windows for estimating dense disparity of area based method and perform the ordering constraint to prevent mismatching. By doing this, we could estimate the disparity in a short time and solve the occlusion caused by applying the fried-sized windows and probable error caused by repeating patterns.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 1992

In general, TDMA and FDMA have been used for multiple access communication methods. Recently. However, ALOHA and CSMA protocols came to exist as new schemes for VSAT data networks and LANs, respectively. These schemes are proven to be effective for packet switched communication systems that has bursty traffic but packet collisions. In this paper we analyze capture statistics arising from fading channels in packet radio communication systems in the context of ALOHA protocol. We derive general results of the exact form of capture probabilities and present numerical data for wide range of fading parameters. Since the capture probabilities are found to approach zero when the number of transmitted signals become larger, we are able to determine the achievable channel throughput by a least squares fitting of an exponential-type function to the probabilities.