• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5767-5772
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• 2014

Background and Aim: B7-H1, a co-inhibitory molecule of the B7 family, is found aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancer cells and infiltrating macrophage/dendritic-like cells, and plays a critical role in immune evasion by ovarian cancer. IL-12, an inducer of Th1 cell development, exerts immunomodulatory effects on ovarian cancer. However, whether IL-12 regulates B7-H1 expression in human ovarian cancer associated-macrophages has not been clarified. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-12 on the expression of B7-H1 in ovarian cancer-associated macrophages and possible mechanisms. Methods: PMA induced THP-1-derived macrophages or human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) or infected with adenovirus carrying human IL-12 gene (Ad-IL-12-GFP) for 24 h, then cocultured with the SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line for another 24 h. Macrophages were collected for real-time PCR and Western blot to detect the expression of B7-H1, and activation of the NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Moreover, supernatants were collected to assay for IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-10 by ELISA. In addition, monocyte-derived macrophages treated with IFN-${\gamma}$ were cocultured with SKOV3 and determined for the expression of B7-H1. Furthermore, the expression of B7-H1 in monocyte-derived macrophages was also evaluated after blocking NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling. Results: The expression of B7-H1 was significantly upregulated in monocyte-derived macrophages treated with rIL-12 or Ad-IL-12-GFP compared with the control groups (p<0.05), accompanied by a remarkable upregulation of IFN-${\gamma}$ (p<0.05), a marked downregulation of IL-10 (p<0.05) and activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling. However, the upregulation of B7-H1 was inhibited by blocking the NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway (p<0.05). Expression of B7-H1 was also increased (p<0.05) in monocyte-derived macrophages treated with IFN-${\gamma}$ and cocultured with SKOV3. By contrast, the expression of B7-H1 in THP-1-derived macrophages was significantly decreased when treated in the same way as monocyte-derived macrophages (p<0.05), and IL-10 was also significantly decreased but IFN-${\gamma}$ was almost absent. Conclusions: IL-12 upregulates the expression of B7-H1 in monocyte-derived macrophages, which is possible though inducing the secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ and further activating the NF-${\kappa}B$ signal pathway. However, IL-12 downregulates the expression of B7-H1 in THP-1-derived macrophages, associated with a lack of IFN-${\gamma}$ and inhibition of expression of IL-10.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2008

The economic cooperation between the South and North Koreas is a very important issue for the unification and economic development of both Koreas. In order to reach a successful economic cooperation, there is a need to coordinate the differences of the two countries before unification. The economic cooperation and the cooperation in other sectors will be followed by the entire unification. It is necessary to prepare a mechanism that could peacefully solve the conflicts and disputes that could arise during the actual process of cooperation, which will secure stable investments and trades. The study on the possibility of introducing the arbitration system as a conflict solving mechanism between the two Koreas is a very important subject, and the basis of this study is on the examination of the arbitration laws of North Korea. Therefore, the study on the efficiency of the North Korean arbitration laws on foreign economy is studying the possibility of a systematical solution to economic conflicts between the South and North Koreas. The problems and possible solutions of the North Korean foreign economy arbitration laws are summarized as follows. First, juridical cooperation system for both South and North courts of justice needs to be set up to smoothly carry out the main procedures. Mutual correspondence and telecommunication needs to be guaranteed, also remittance and the movement of goods shall precede. Second, the free liquidation of businesses by unit and the individual and independent management of wealth of the North Korean economic bodies, organizations and businesses shall precede to independently liquidate wealth and thus make arbitration possible. Third, amendments in the North Korea's foreign economy arbitration law shall be made to some parts of regulations on arbitration agreements and specific contents of written arbitration agreements to avoid conflicts regarding arbitration agreement. Fourth, the members of the North Korean arbitration committee shall impartially manage the committee only without taking the role of arbitrator, and the clause that allows the North Korean committee to nominate the arbitrator shall be erased. In case an agreement regarding the number of arbitrators is not reached, the three arbitrators general rule shall be applied. In case of requests from any of the parties, a third country arbitrator nomination shall be guaranteed. Also, the requested arbitrator by the party shall be nominated with the cooperation of the court. Fifth, the trial in case of non-appearance or written trial shall be added to the North Korean law in to prevent intended negligence or evasion. Sixth, regulations regarding the court's investigation of evidence shall be added to the North Korean law to make fair arbitration possible in case that government power is needed in order to investigate evidence. Seventh, provisions regarding majority decision shall be added in the North Korean law in the impossibility of unanimous decisions, and the certified system in the arbitration committee official text shall be erased to prevent arrogation and assure the power of the decision made by the arbitration government. Eighth, as "the wrong decision approved" reason for cancellation of arbitration in the North Korean law includes the content of the decision made by the arbitrator could lead to uselessness of arbitration, amendment will be necessary to limit it to legitimacy of the arbitration agreement and wrong procedures. It is hoped that this thesis will be of important use in understanding the issues on the workability and the solutions to the South and North Koreas' arbitration that could be presented during the negotiations for the countries' economic cooperation.

• 철학연구
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• 제137권
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• pp.81-108
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• 2016

중세와 기독교의 역사에 아우구스티누스와 펠라기우스의 논쟁은 인간의 자유의지와 신의 은총에 대한 양자 간의 입장 차이에서 발생했다. 이 논쟁은 중세와 종교개혁 시대를 거쳐 오늘날까지도 많은 논란의 주제가 되고있다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 중세의 아우구스티누스와 펠라기우스의 대립과 논쟁을 통하여 오늘날 우리 시대에 보여주는 의미가 무엇인지를 논의하고자 한다. 인간의 능력과 인간의 자유의지를 지나치게 강조하다 보면 인본주의로 치닫게 되고, 반면 신의 은총만을 주장하다 보면 인간의 윤리적인 책임성을 약화시키고 지나치기 쉽다. 이에 대하여 아우구스티누스와 펠라기우스는 상반된 입장을 취해왔다. 펠라기우스는 자유의지를 가진 인간의 윤리적 책임성을 강조하며 로마 제국의 무대 위에 등장했다. 반면 아우구스티누스는 인간의 본성과 인간의 자유의지는 손상되었고, 인간의 능력은 절망적인 것으로 보고 신의 은총을 강조하였다. 펠라기우스는 당시 기독교 국가의 심장부인 서방교회(로마)의 도덕적 방종과 윤리적 불감증 현상들에 놀라면서 로마교회 기독교인들의 도덕적 책임의 필요성을 강하게 주장했다. 이런 정황에 따라 아우구스티누스의 신학이 서방교회의 상황을 정당화해주는 입장으로 여겨졌다. 따라서 그의 관심은 자유의지를 가진 인간의 윤리적인 삶의 필요성에 있었다. 반면 아우구스티누스의 입장은 인간의 윤리적인 삶을 주장하는 펠라기우스의 엄격한 도덕주의가 신의 은총을 간과하고 인간의 능력과 행함을 강조하는 인본주의적 현상으로 보고, 펠라기우스를 강하게 반대하면서 신의 은총을 주장하였다. 펠라기우스는 인간의 자유의지와 원죄론, 은총론이 성경의 원리에 어긋남에 따라 이단으로 정죄되었다. 이러한 펠라기안의 사상은 기독교의 역사 속에 침투해 들어왔고, 오늘날에도 여전히 기독 교회의 위협적인 요소가 되고 있다. 그러나 오늘날 우리가 살아 시대는 펠라기우스가 살았던 시대처럼 여전히 행위(자유의지)와 신앙(은총)의 괴리감 속에서 사회적 부패와 방종이 팽배하고, 2014년 4월 세월호 참사 사건이 보여준 단면처럼 윤리적 불감증과 사회적 무책임 현상이 심각한 상황에 노출되어 있다. 따라서 기독교 내부에서도 기독교 윤리의 필요성을 강조하며, 말씀 선포에 따른 삶의 본을 보여줄 수 있는 정직한 지도자를 요청하고 있는 현실이다. 따라서 논자는 이런 현실을 직시하면서, 중세 기독교 역사의 이슈가 되었던 아우구스티누스와 펠라기우스의 논쟁이 오늘날 우리의 시대에 보이고자 했던 현대적 의미를 조망하고자 한다.