• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.507-520
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• 2008

The two districts, 'Xita' and 'Manrong' in Shenyang City, the cases of this study, form ethnic enclave economies revolving around small business enterprises run by Korean Chinese. This ethnic enclave economy appeared as Korean Chinese came to have 'double ethnic resources'-Korean Chinese and Koreans living in China, and to play the role of middlemen. This was helped by the Chinese government's encouragement(to attract the capitals of South Korea), and the experiences of Korean Chinese who had played in South Korea. This 'double ethnic enclave economy' has put Korean Chinese in a position where they cooperate with Koreans in China on the one hand, but are forced to compete with them on the other. For the development of a Chinese Korean economy, therefore, it is needed to enhance the cooperation with Koreans living in China within the ethnic enclave economies and at the same time to increase economic activities outside of the enclave economy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.376-389
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• 2012

Ethnic entrepreneurship, an important means by which immigrants improve economic status, is widely believed to be facilitated by their residential concentration, i.e. ethnic enclaves. However, the recent immigrants' residential dispersion and re-clustering in some selected well-to-do suburbs portend changes in the role of ethnic enclave as a nest of immigrant entrepreneurship. This paper investigates the impacts of the residential dispersal on ethnic entrepreneurship with a case study of Korean small businessmen in Chicago, Illinois PMSA. The research utilizes the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to know the overall changes in Korean entrepreneurship through 1990s and conducts a survey to understand reactions and surviving strategies of Korean enclave businessmen to the residential shifts. Relevant to those analyses is the enclave-economy hypothesis which argues benefit from spatial clustering of co-ethnic entrepreneurs by yielding more business opportunities and higher returns.