• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2010

Most pesticides are poorly soluble in water and must be dissolved in a solvent carrier before being added to the test medium on aquatic toxicity test. The concentration of solvent is critical to the success of a test. This study were conducted to recommend possible organic solvents which have good solubility for pesticides and low toxicity to Korean native water flea to establish new standard toxicity test methods using Korean native water flea for ecological risk assessment of pesticide. Four Korean freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia sp., Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus vetulus were exposed to 10 different organic solvents during 48 hours to evaluate their toxic response to solvents. Ethyl acetate was the most toxic to cladocerans tested. Although ethyl ether was the least toxic to cladocerans tested, it may not adequate as possible solvent in aquatic toxicity test due to high volatility and low water solubility. In conclusion, acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile which has low toxicity as well as good water solubility are recommended as optimal organic solvent to use in aquatic toxicity tests with Korean native cladocerans tested.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.78-92
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• 1994

Lysozyme has been reported to be present in the secretory granules of the Paneth cell, and lysozyme immunoreactivity has been detected by immunogold method in Paneth cells of the intestine of human, mouse and rat. The present study was aimed at clarifying the intracellular distribution and changes of the lysozyme immunoreactivity in rabbit Paneth cell after common bile duct ligation of rabbit, using the electron microscope immunogold technique. Healthy adult rabbits weighing about 2kg body weight were divided into normal and bile duct ligated groups. Common bile duct ligation was performed aseptically under ether anesthesia. Experimental animals were sacrificed on the 1st, the 3rd, the 5th, the 7th and the 14th day after the operation. Mucosal specimens from the intestinal gland of ileum were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in araldite mixture, cut with LKB-V ultratome. Ultrathin sections were placed on parlodion coated nickel grids (200mesh). The section-bearing grids were floated upside down on the added substance in a moist chamber at room temperature except for the primary antibody step, which was at $4^{\circ}C$. Sections were etched with a saturated solution of sodium m-periodate for 60min. After etching, sections were pretreated with 0.02M tris buffered saline (TBS), pH 8.4, with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma) for 60min, then treated polyclonal rabbit anti-human lysozyme (Dakipatts) diluted 1 : 50 in TBS with 0.1% BSA for 20hr. Subsequently, grids were incubated 60min in biotinylated goat anti rabbit IgG (Amersham) diluted 1 : 100 in TBS with 0.1% BSA. After this, sections were incubated 60min on streptavidin gold G10 (Amersham) diluted 1 : 50 in TBS with 0.1% BSA. After each step, the grids were briefly rinsed with TBS with 0.1% BSA. After the strepavidin gold step, the sections were jet washed with distilled water. Counterstain of the sections performed by uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX II electron microscope. Observed results were as follow; 1. Secretory granules of mouse Paneth cells have a lysozyme immunoreactivity and also eosinophil leucocyte of rabbit applied for the positive-control stain, are well labeld with gold particles. 2. Normal rabbit Paneth cells have a lysozyme immunoreactivity restricted on the secretory granules. 3. Amount lysosomes containing myelin figures in the Paneth cells were significantly increased from 5th day after the common bile duct ligation. 4. Immunoreactivity of Paneth cell secretory granules were more activated on the 3rd day after the common bile duct ligation as compared with those of the normal animal. But the lysozyme immunoreactivity were decreased from the 5th day after the common bile duct ligation. 5. Considering the above finding, lysozyme contained Paneth cell are affected following of common bile duct ligation, whereas lysosomes containing myelin-figure do not exhibit any immunoreactive relationship with those of secretory granules.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.519-527
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• 2009

The main nutritional problem of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage is low quality and dry matter (DM) contents. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether field pre-wilting treatment of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage increases DM content and forage quality of the silage. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of five different wilting days: 0 day (direct cut silage), 0.5 day, 1 day, 2 days and 3 days. Sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage with pre-wilting showed low 4.00 pH values, however direct cut silage (control) showed a 4.30 value because of its high moisture content. The DM content of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage with pre-wilting was high above 25.1% after 1 days, however that of direct cut silage had 17.6%. And the effluent of wilted silage was decreased with prolonged wilting period, but that of direct cut silage produced effluent of 183 mL/kg. Crude protein and ether extract with wilted silage were decreased, however crude ash was increased with prolonged wilting period. Silage with pre-wilting had higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than control silages, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) showed the opposite results. Lactic acid and total organic acid were increased with prolonged wilting period. For the palatability of dairy goat, silage with 2 days wilting was highest among silages. The experiment results indicate that wilted sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage could be recommended as effective method for reducing effluent, increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum pre-wilting day of sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid silage may be 1 days.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.527-539
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.203-218
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• 1975

In order to investigate the compositional change oil composts during the growing of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), composts and mushrooms during the period of filling to ending under commercial conditions were subjected to chemical analyses. The results are summarized as follows and the mechanism of composting for mushroom cultivation was proposed. 1) The temperature change of growing bed and room was observed and the yield of mushroom for each cropping time was recorded to get $15.6kg/m^2$ in total crops. 2) Composts after filling showed pH 8.2 which dropped to 6.4 after casing and continued so up to ending. 3) On the dry weight basis of composts, crude ash increased whereas total nitrogen, ether extract and crude fibre decreased gradually to bring about the lowering of organic matter. 4) Total nitrogen of composts decreased gradually and more insoluble nitrogen was lost than soluble nitrogen. The C/N ratio of composts was initially 21 which was gradually lowered to 16. 5) The losses of ${\alpha}-cellulose$, pentosan and lignin in composts were 87%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, in which ${\alpha}-cellulose$ decreased markedly after casing. 6) Free reducing sugars of composts increased continuously. Gradually increased free amino acids till second cropping decreased again thereafter. Composts at the filling stage contained alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and serine in which glycine decreased markedly whereas proline increased remarkably upon mushroom cultivation. 7) Among minerals of composts, phosphorus and zinc tended to decrease, potassium and copper tended to increase anti sodium showed no marked change. 8) In comparison of mushrooms from different cropping time with respect to proximate composition, minerals, free reducing sugars and amino acids, no marked difference was observed. However, a little higher values were observed in crude fat, free reducing sugars and sodium content for early crops and in free amino acids and phosphorus content for late crops. Twelve free amino acids including alanine, serine, threonine, and glutamic acid were detected in the cultivated mushroom. 9) According to above experimental results, it was possible to support the mechanism of compositing that the formation of ammonia and decomposition of carbohydrates by mesophiles are followed by protein biosynthesis, formation of microbial bodies and nitrogen-rich lignin humus complex by thermophiles, thus supplying necessary nutrients for mushroom growth, along with residual carbohydrates.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on laying hen performance. The level of methionine and lysine were 0.32% and 0.64%, respectively and the levels of protein were 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%. Total 384 laying pullets of 22weeks age were reared from January 28, 1989 to March 23, 1990 for 60 weeks. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1 Egg productions was highest at 15% of protein in phase I, 14% in phase II, and 13% in phase III, and there was significantly different egg Production among treatments during phase I and phase II (P＜0.05). 2. Egg weight was heaviest in 14% of protein treatment in three phases and they showed significantly different egg weight among different levels of protein in phase I (P＜0.01), phase II and III (P＜0.05) , but there was not significantly different between 14% and 15% of protein. 3. Daily egg mass tends to increase followed by increasing of protein level and showed signifiant differences among treatments in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01). 4. The 14% of protein treatment showed the highest daily feed intake and it showed significant difference in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01) , but there was no significant difference between 14% and 15% of protein. 5. Feed efficiency was improved significantly followed by increasing of protein level in phase I (P＜0.01) and phase II (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference among treatments in phase III. 6. Viability tends to increase as increasing of protein level, but there was no significant difference among treatments. 7. Utilizabilities of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of experimental diets were not different among treatments, but the utilizability of carbohydrate tends to increase as increasing of protein level (P＜0.05). 8. Eviscerated yield and abdominal fat accumulation was not difference among treatments. 9. Egg shell quality and chemical composition of egg content were not different among treatments. 10. The feed cost per kg egg mass showed the cheapest in 13% of protein treatment in all phase, but there were no significant differences among treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1980

To study lipid components of Panax ginseng produced in Korea, the lipids of fresh ginsengs were extracted with the mixture of chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and those of dried ginsengs were extracted with diethyl ether respectively. The lipid components extracted were separated and quantitated by column, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Fresh ginseng contained 0.62% total lipid of which 45.28% were neutral lipids, 18.12% glycolipids, and 36.60% phospholipids. But dried ginseng contained 0.89% total lipids of which 86.48% were neutral lipids, 9.20% glycolipids, and 4.32% phospholipids. 2. Triglycerides (37.6 to 42.5% of the total neutral lipids) and sterol esters (16.5 to 19.6%) in all the fresh and dried ginseng were the major components among the neutral lipids. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids and free sterols were minor components. 3. Digalactosyl diglycerides (23.5% of the total glycolipids) in the fresh ginseng and steryl liglycosides (28.9%) in the dried ginseng were predominant components among the glycopids, respectively, Esterified steryl glycosides and monogalactosyl diglycerides were also identified, and four unknown spots in the fresh ginseng and two unknown spots in the dried ginseng were present. 4. Phosphatidyl cholines (31.3 to 31.9% of the total phospholipids) and phosphatidyl glycerols (34.8 to 36.7%) in all the fresh and dried ginseng were the major components among the phospholipids. Phosphatidyl inositols and phosphatidyl ethanolamines were also identified. 5. The major fatty acids in the fresh and dried ginseng were linoleic $(62.29{\sim}64.32%)$, palmitic $(13.16{\sim}15.63%)$, oleic $(5.73{sim}7.23%)$ and linolenic $(5.73{sim}7.23%)$. The fatty acid compositions in neutral lipid fraction was similar to the pattern in those of the total lipids. But glycolipid and phospholipid fractions contained a lower percent of linoleic acid and a higher percent of palmitic acid than the neutral lipid fraction.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 1990

Silage productivity of 7 corn and 3 sorghum hybrids was determined at two planting dates differing in rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection rates in the southern part of Korea where RBSDV is prevalent. 1. Percent stand was similar between two planting dates, but that of corn hybrids (85.0-99.5 %) was higher compared with sorghum (59.8-82.3 %). Culm length of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was longer compared with May 20 planting, but that of sorghum hybrids was similar between two planting dates. 2. RBSDV infection rate of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was lower compared with May 20 planting, but sorghum was not infected at both planting dates. Among corn hybrids Suweon 19 was most severely infected, but Suweon 99 was least infected at both planting dates. 3. Percent ear bearing plants and earltotal dry matter (TDM) ratio of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was higher than those of May 20 planting. Among the corn hygrids percent ear beraring plants, ear/TDM ratio of Suweon 19 was lowest at both planting dates due to severe RBSDV infection. Ear/TDM ratio of sorghum hybrids was below 17.8 % due to sterility and partially bud damages. 4. Silage yield at April 23 planting was higher than that at May 20 planting and sorghum hybrids outyielded corn hybrids. Silage yield of Suweon 19 and Jinjuok was lowest due to severe RBSDV infection. 5. Crude protein was similar regardless planting dates, species, and varieties except the lowest P 931. Ether extract at April 23 planting was lower then that at May 20 and corn was lower compared with sorghum hybrids. Crude fiber and nitrogen free extracts(NFE) was similar between planting dates. Crude fiber of corn was lower, but NEF was higher compared with sorghum, but similar among hybrids in a species. 6. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) at May 20 planting was higher than that of April 23 planting and corn was higher than sorghum hybrids. Digestible dry matter (DDM) of both corn and sorghum at April 23 planting was higher than that of May 20 planting. At April 23 planting DDM of all corn and sorghum hybrids was similar, but DDM of Suweon 19 and Jinjuok was lower than other corn and sorghum hybrids.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine effects of brewery meal-based fermented feedstuff supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae(AO) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae(SC) on luminal micro-organism of Korean native cattle. Two cows equipped with luminal cannulas were used as experimental animals. Experiment was done with three treatment groups: $71.5\%$ of commercial feed and $28.5\%$ of com silage(control): $45.0\%$ of commercial feed, $26.5\%$ of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO and $28.5\%$ of corn silage(TAO): $45.0\%$ of commercial feed, $26.5\%$ of fermented ffedstuff supplemented with SC and $28.5\%$ of corn silage(TSC). The number of total viable bacteria (p<0.05), anaerobic fungi and protozoa(p<0.05) was higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The number of proteolytic bacteria(p<0.05), cellulolytic bacteria and xylan fermenters tended to be higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The dry matter recovery (DMR) of protozoa was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The crude protein (CP) content of total microbes and protozoa was higher in TSC than in control and TAO (p<0.05). The CP content of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The ether extract(EE) content of the total microbes was higher in TAO than in control and TSC(p<0.05), and the EE of protozoa and bacteria were higher in TSC than in control and TAO(p<0.05). The ratio of essential amino acids of total microbe was higher in control than in TAO and TSC(p<0.05). The ratio of methionine and alanine of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The results suggested that the feeding of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO or SC had an influence on the numbers of ruminal microorganism and the changes of microbial body composition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare and evaluate fermentable and nutritional characteristics of brewery meal-based fermented feedstuffs supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae (AO) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC). Experiments were divided into three treatment groups; fermented feedstuff supplemented with $1\%$ of AO(FFAO), fermented feedstuff supplemented with $1\%$ of SC(FFSC), and fermented feedstuff supplemented with $0.5\%$ of AO and $0.5\%$ of SC(FFAS). For changes of crude protein contents by 48 h fermentation, there were no significant differences among treatments. Ether extract(EE) contents were significantly increased by 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS were significantly decreased by 48 h fermentation(p<0.05), but acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents were not different. The pH of FFAO and FFAS was decreased more rapidly than that of FFSC(p<0.05), reaching a plateau after 24 h. Alcohol content was increased rapidly until 18 h in FFAO and was increased rapidly until 12 h in FFSC and FFAS, and alcohol content of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS was maintained constantly after 24 h. The ammonia N content of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS was 0.022, 0.073 and $0.040\%$ at 48 h, respectively, and then ammonia N was over twice higher in FFSC than in FFAO and FFAS(p<0.05). Dextrose content was increased until 6 h in FFAO but was rapidly decreased in FFSC and FFAS until 6 h(p<0.05). Lactate content was higher in FFAO and FFAS than in FFSC(p<0.05). Consequently, when we added AO in formulation of fermented feedstuff with brewery meal which moisture content was high, EE, alcohol, and lactate contents were increased, but NDF and ammonia N contents were reduced. Therefore, it is expected that AO will be effective to increase the feed value and the preservation of fermented feedstuff with a high moisture content.