• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2011

The investigation of 218 residual pesticides for 19 types of tea (persimmon leaf tea, chrysanthemum tea, green tea, lavender tea, rosemary tea, dandelion leaf tea, puer tea, mulberry leaf tea, hydrangea leaf tea, jasmine tea, nuomixiang tea, buckwheat tea, mugwort tea, lotus leaf tea, oolong tea, longjing tea, rose tea, tiehkwanyin tea and huoguo tea) obtained from markets in Ansan and Suwon was carried out to assess the risk for residual pesticides in tea. The detection rate was 23.1 % (19 samples of total 65 tea samples) and the detected pesticides were 15 pesticides, such as bifenthrin, bromopropylate, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, endosulfan, fenpropathrin, fludioxonil, fenvalerate, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, tetradifon and triazophos. The range of concentrations for the detected residual pesticides was 0.01 to 1.24 mg/kg which showed below their maximum residue limits (MRL), but the residual concentration of bifenthrin in a puer tea showed above the legal limit of 0.3 mg/kg. The result of risk assessment of residual pesticides for the detected 15 samples showed that EDI (estimated daily intake) of the pesticides detected ranged 0.0001~0.0844% of their ADI (acceptable daily intake).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 2019

This study surveyed mycotoxin contamination in grains and grain products, which were purchased from supermarkets and traditional markets from October 2017 to September 2018 in Gwangju (Metropolitan City). A total of 127 samples including adlay, sorghum, millet, rice, oats, barley, buckwheat, corn as grains, and rice flour, buckwheat flour, roasted barley and corn, as grain products were surveyed. The tested mycotoxins were aflatoxin ($AFB_1$, $AFB_2$, $AFG_1$, $AFG_2$), fumonisin ($FUB_1$, $FUB_2$), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZON). Mycotoxins were analyzed simultaneously with a UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method. Fumonisin ($B_1+B_2$) was detected at the range of $4.8{\sim}738.5{\mu}g/kg$ in 35 samples and zearalenone at $8.4{\sim}507.6{\mu}g/kg$ in 20 samples, respectively. No other mycotoxins were detected. Risk assessment was evaluated by using estimated daily intake (EDI) and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) in accordance with the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). When the hazard index (HI) was expressed as $(EDI/PMTDI){\times}100$, the HI (%) showed in the range of 0.0019~1.9526%. Based on these results, mycotoxin concentrations in the grains and grain products were within safe levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1304-1316
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009)". To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario II). The estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. The level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0~40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0~15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0~15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios I and II, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2012

In this study, monitoring of food additives as an artificial sweeteners on favorite dairy products of children, which are deal at supermarket, was performed. We analyzed aspartame, acesulfame-K, sodium saccharin, and sucralose from total 206 dairy products which are fermented milk, ice-creams and others. Aspartame was detected from 3 cases of fermented milk. Sucralose was detected from 10 cases of processed milk and 2 cases of fermented milk. The detected concentration was followed [average (minimum~maximum)]: aspartame 34.6 mg/kg (2.9~97.9 mg/kg), sucralose 29.8 mg/kg (5.5~67.7 mg/kg). The level of intakes of detected sweeteners were evaluated by comparisons with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) data established by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of aspartame and sucralose per day were 0.37 mg/day, 0.20~0.32 mg/day. The intake levels were 0.05~0.8%, which were all within safe levels.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

This survey was conducted to develop an appropriate management for safety of children snacks. In this study, monitorings of food additives such as nine kinds of tar colors (tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, indigo carmine, new coccine, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red and fast green FCF) which are sold at stationary store around the school, were performed. Eighty two samples (3 snacks, 71 candies, 4 chocolates and 4 beverages) were analyzed for tar colors. Results of risk assessment for tar colors were expressed as EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) comparing with ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake). The ratio of high risk group for tar color intake (95th) were 0-3.56%. The consumptions of tar colors from domestic and imported products for nine kinds of tar colors in candies were not significantly different. The results of this study indicated that each ED! of nine kinds of tar colors sold at stationary store around the school is much lower than each ADI in general. Consequently, the children snacks are thought to be safe for consumption.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

Pesticide residues were investigated in 16 commodities (rice, foxtail millet, buckwheat, kidney bean, peanut, sesame, orange, grapefruit, kiwifruit, spinach, perilla leaves, leek, garlic stem, garlic, ginger and oak mushroom) collected from 22 provinces (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Ulsan, Suwon, Seongnam, Goyang, Bucheon, Yongin, Cheongju, Jeonju, Jeju, Cheonan, Changwon, Pohang, Gumi, Jinju, Wonju and Yeosu) in 2009. Pesticides (172 kinds) were analyzed using multiresidue method by GC/MS/MS from 510 samples, and phenthoate in kiwifruit was violated by exceeding MRL. The intake assessment for 24 kinds of pesticide residues including the detected pesticides at multi pesticide residue monitoring (bifenthrin etc.) were carried out. The result showed that the ratio of EDI (estimated daily intake) to ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 0.000007~0.458% which means that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range so that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2015

This study was implemented to evaluate food safety on residual pesticides in agricultural products of Korea and to use as a data base for the establishment of food policy. A total of 196 pesticide upon these products were analyzed using multi class pesticide multiresidue methods of Korean Food Code, and 232 samples of 15 agricultural products collected from 9 regions were supplied for this study. In the results, 64 kinds of pesticides were detected in 53 samples, chlorpyrifos and procymidone of them were shown a high frequency of detection in the analyzed pesticides. Among them, two samples (chlorpyrifos in perilla leaves and picoxystrobin in peach) were detected over Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The levels of the detected pesticide residues were within safe levels. Also, the intake assessment for pesticide residues including chlorpyrifos at multi pesticide residue monitoring were carried out. The result showed that the ratio of EDI (estimated daily intake) to ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 0.001~0.902% which means that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range so that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea are properly controlled.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2001

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs), dibenzofurans(PCDFs), and biphenyls(PCBs) were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS in human blood samples from the Siwha industrial area in Korea. The PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in workers were higher than those in residents. The average TEQ concentrations of PCDD/Fs in workers and residents were 40.3 pg I-TEQs/g lipid and 16.6 pg I-TEQs/g lipid, respectively, and the total PCB concentrations were 174.1 ng/g lipid and 151.0 ng/g lipid, respectively. When applied to principal component analysis, the PCDD/F congener distributions of workers were differentiated from those of residents. But, all of them were similar to the distribution in several Korean foods. Estimated daily intake(EDI) of each person was calculated, and then only 40% to the total people were within the tolerable daily intake range(1-4pg I-TEQ/kg bw/day) suggested by WHO(1997).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2020

This study was conducted to monitor the residual pesticides on red pepper powder produced in five regions, which are the major producers of red pepper in Korea, such as Ham-pyeong, An-dong, Yeong-yang, Yeong-gwang, and Cheongyang from 2015 to 2016. Residual pesticides were detected on all samples. Among the 286 pesticides tested, 58 pesticides were detected, with the most frequently detected being chlorfenapyr (93.7%). Twelve types of pesticides (chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, pyraclostrobin, cyhalothrin, tebuconazole, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, lufenuron, azoxystrobin, and indoxacarb) were detected in all regions, and 14 types of pesticides were used only in certain regions. An analysis of the residual pesticides showed that none of the pesticides detected exceeded the MRL (Maximum Residue Limits). The Positive List System (PLS) requirements were applied to eight pesticides that had no set MRLs. 0.01 mg/kg (PLS requirements) was exceeded in 12 cases. A comparison of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticides with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to access their risk revealed %ADI values of 0.001-0.756. Carbofuran showed the highest (0.756%), but most pesticides were below 1%. The results show that residual pesticides in red pepper powder are at safe levels.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.308-314
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• 2012

In order to monitor the residual pesticides in environment friendly agricultural commodities, fruits and fruiting vegetables. Twenty-five agricultural commodities were collected twice in May and August 2011 from nine environment friendly agricultural commodities-selling supermarkets and retail stores located in eight major cities in Korea. The number of each agricultural commodity collected, 555 samples in total, was 152 organic agricultural products, 202 pesticide-free agricultural products and 201 low-pesticide agricultural products. Pesticide residues in samples were analyzed by multiresidue method for 245 pesticides using a GC-ECD/NPD and an HPLC-DAD/FLD and the peaks suspected as pesticides were identified with a GC/MSD. As a result of pesticide residue analysis, three pesticides, bifenthrin, EPN and chlorpyrifos, were detected from four samples including apple, representing a detection rate of 0.72%. The residue levels of the four pesticide-detected samples were less than their maximum residue limits (MRLs) but one pesticide EPN detected from pear exceeded its legible criterion of one twentieth MRL. Estimated daily intakes of the pesticides detected from fruits and fruiting vegetables were less than 0.76% of their maximum permissible intake.