• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the zinc status of preschool children in Ulsan. The study was conducted in 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the biochemical analysis. The blood was analysed to assess serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase. And a questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were performed by mothers of 95 subjects. The dietary intakes of children were analysed to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). WHL (Weight-Length Index) and Kaup index were used to define obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obese subjects were 14.7% and 6.3% by WHL, were 15.8% and 13.7% by Kaup index. The mean intakes of zinc by children aged 3${\sim}$5y and 6y were 5.5 ${\pm}$ 1.4 mg/d (75.7% RDA) and 6.7 ${\pm}$ 2.0 mg/d, respectively, that was the level exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended intake (RI) of Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. Less than 1.3% and 7.9% of children had usual zinc intakes below EAR and RI of KDRIs, respectively. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) were 2.6%. The zinc nutritional status by biological assay was found that mean serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of total subjects were 64.0 ${\pm}$ 8.4 ${\mu}$g/dl and 72.8 ${\pm}$ 14.9 U/L, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls. The range of serum zinc level was 45${\sim}$89 ${\mu}$g/dl and children with a low serum zinc concentration by several cut-off points were 18.9${\sim}$55.8%, especially. Serum zinc level was positively correlated to the intakes of calorie, calcium, fiber, iron, zinc, zinc/kg and height (p<0.001). Serum ALP was positively correlated height, weight and WLI. The zinc intake of children aiso showed a positive correlation with height and weight. These results indicate that there were significant correlations between the zinc status and growth of preschool children. Preschool children in Ulsan have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new DRIs. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intakes with fortified foods and supplements were considered, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2013

Calcium intake has been insufficient in all age groups in previous Korean national surveys. This study was conducted to investigate calcium intake in Korean and American populations at different ages. We analyzed two national survey data: the 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the 2007~2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Statistically, survey procedures were applied using the weight, cluster, and strata variables. The mean calcium intake of Koreans at ages of 1~2 y, 3~5 y, 6~11 y, 12~18 y, 19~64 y, and 65+y was lower than American populations at those ages. The sufficient proportions based on Korean Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 1~2 y, 3~5 y, 6~11 y, 12~18 y, 19~64 y, and 65+y in Koreans were 45.5%, 33.1%, 24.3%, 16.6%, 32.7%, and 19.0%. While the sufficient rates based on American EAR of 1~3 y, 4~8 y, 9~13 y, 14~18 y, 19~30 y, 31~50 y, 51~70 y, and 71+y in US population were 88.5%, 54.4%, 35.2%, 35.8%, 55.3%, 55.2%, 40.6%, and 24.5%. Overall, the major foods contributing to calcium intakes in Koreans were milk, baechukimchi, and anchovies, whereas, milk products, pasta, or bread were major contributions to calcium in American populations. The calcium supplement intakes in the American population were 5.5 mg (1~2 y), 15.5 mg (3~5 y), 13.9 mg (6~11 y), 35.7 mg (12~18 y), 150.3 mg (19~64 y) and 334.4 mg (${\geq}65$ y). These results suggest that Korean adolescents and older adults are the most insufficient in dietary calcium intakes among Koreans. In order to accurately estimate calcium intakes in Korean populations, calcium supplements and calcium-fortified foods should be considered.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.460-474
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• 2010

This study was performed to assess the physical activity, food habit and nutrient intakes by gender and age groups in 193 adults aged 20-59 years (84 men and 109 women) in Pusan. Data for physical activity and dietary survey was assessed by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. The mean BMIs of men and women were 24.0 and 22.2 respectively and BMI of women in the 20-29 years group (20.9) was significantly lower than that of women in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (22.7, 23.2) (p < 0.01). 56.0% for men and 44.0% for women exercised regularly. The mean exercise duration per once of men (69.7 minutes) was significantly higher than that of women (52.4minutes) (p < 0.01). The mean exercise duration per day was 36.0 minutes for men and 29.9 minutes for women. 67.9% for men and 78.0% for women often skipped meals and 68.4% for men and 69.4% for women skipped breakfast in the main. The mean energy intake of men was 2067.2 kcal and that of women was 1783.1 kcal comprised of 87.2% and 92.1% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The mineral intakes of men and women were over Recommended Intake (RI) and Adequate Intake (AI) except calcium and potassium. The mean calcium intake was 88.3% for men and 84.0% for women of RI. The mean potassium intake was 63.3% for men and 59.2% for women of AI. The mean vitamin intakes of men and women were over RI and AI except vitamin C and folic acid. The mean vitamin C intake was 92.5% for men and 85.6% for women of RI. The mean folic acid intake was 76.6% for men and 70.0% for women of RI. The mean energy, protein, sodium and zinc intakes of men were significantly higher than those of women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The mean vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid intakes of men in the 20-29 years group were significantly lower than those of men in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). For energy, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 90% EER were 64.3% for men and 56.0% for women. For calcium, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were 52.4% for men and 59.6% for women. For folic acid, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than EAR were 78.6% for men and 83.5% for women. For iron and phosphorus, proportions of women (36.7%, 14.7%)with intake levels less than EAR were significantly higher than those of men (6.0%, 1.2%) (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). For men, age was positively correlated with intakes of potassium, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). For men, weight showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and BMI showed significantly negative correlations with protein, lipid, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin E and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05) For men, exercise duration per once showed significantly positive correlations with intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, nutritional education for adult health management is needed by gender and age groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.702-713
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• 2009

대학생들의 변비유병률과 배변습관을 알아보고 영양소섭취 상태를 알아보고자 인천지역 대학교에서 건강관련 교양강의를 듣는 수강생들을 대상으로 (남자 166명, 여자 187명) 설문조사와 신체계측 및 3일간 식이섭취 조사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사 대상자의 평균 연령은 남학생 23.5세, 여학생 20.9세이었으며, 자택에서 거주하는 비율이 가장 많았으며 자취, 기숙사, 하숙이나 친척집에 거주하는 순이었다. 남학생의 63.9%, 여학생의 63.1%는 21~40만원의 용돈을 받고 있었고 지난 2개월 동안 남학생의 45.2%, 여학생의 47.1%는 체중을 유지하고 있었다. 로마기준 II를 이용하여 조사한 기능성 변비유병률은 남녀 각각 12.7%, 28.9%, 자의적 변비 유병률은 남녀 각각 12.0%, 36.9%로 여학생이 남학생에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며 일반사항에 따른 기능성 변비와 자의적 변비의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 자의적 변비 중 남학생의 35.0%, 여학생의 44.9%만이 기능성 변비의 진단기준에 부합하였고, 본인은 변비가 아니라고 응답했지만 기능성 변비의 진단기준에 부합한 경우는 11.4%이었다. 본인이 변비라고 인식하는 경우 남학생의 94.7%, 여학생의 91.0%는 의료기관을 방문한 경험이 없었고 남학생은 모두 변비약이나 건강기능식품을 이용하고 있지 않았으며 여학생은 변비 완화를 위해 10.3%가 변비약, 11.8%가 건강기능식품을 복용하고 있었다. 배변습관 조사 결과 남학생의 75.3%, 여학생의 40.1%는 주 5회 이상 배변을 하고 있었고, 변의 양은 2 cup 이상이라고 응답한 경우가 남학생은 93.4%, 여학생은 75.9%로 남학생이 많은 경향을 보였다. 남녀 모두 대상자의 70%정도가 배변 후 상쾌하다고 하였으며 남학생의 49.4%, 여학생의 24.6%만이 규칙적으로 배변을 하였다. 신체계측치와 영양소 섭취량 분석 결과 기능성 변비와 자의적 변비 유무에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았으나 단백질의 경우 성별이나 변비 유무와 상관없이 RI에서 UL 사이로 섭취하는 비율이 가장 높았고, 남학생은 여학생에 비해 EAR 보다 낮게 섭취하는 비율이 유의적으로 높았다. 비타민 C, Vit $B_2$, 엽산, 칼슘, 아연의 섭취는 EAR 이하로 섭취하는 비율이 모두 50%를 넘어 영양소의 섭취량이 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었고 특히 엽산은 남녀 모두 95% 이상이 EAR 이하로 섭취하고 있어 섭취 부족이 심각하였다. 변비와 관련이 있는 것으로 알려진 식이섬유 섭취량은 1,000 kcal당 섭취량으로 환산에 남학생은 8.5 g, 여학생은 8.9 g으로 한국인 영양섭취기준의 식이섬유 충분섭취량에 훨씬 못 미치는 수준이었다. 여학생의 경우 기능성 변비의 유병률은 28.9%, 자의적 변비의 유병률은 36.9%로 조사되었는데, 본인은 변비가 아니라고 응답했지만 기능성 변비의 진단기준에 부합한 경우도 13.6%이며 본인이 변비라고 응답한 경우의 대다수는 의료기관 방문이나 약물, 기능성 식품 섭취 같은 노력도 하지 않고 있어 만성적 변비로 인한 질병의 위험이 우려된다. 또한 식이섬유 섭취를 비롯한 각종 영양소들도 균형 있는 섭취를 하고 있지 않아 이후 다가올 임신기와 수유기의 영양문제로 이어질 것이므로 올바른 영양섭취를 비롯한 적절한 영양교육이 활성화 되어야겠다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.538-555
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 2013 ~ 2016년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 19 ~ 64세 성인 남녀의 커피 섭취 종류와 섭취량(정량적 식품섭취빈도조사 자료 활용)에 따른 일반사항, 총 당류를 포함한 영양섭취상태, 건강관련 삶의 질 및 대사증후군과의 관련성을 분석하였다. 남성과 여성 모두에서, 에너지 섭취량이 에너지필요추정량 (EER) 미만인 사람과 철분 섭취량이 평균필요량 (EAR) 미만인 사람의 비율이 3-in-1 커피 섭취군에서 낮았다. 커피를 섭취하지 않는 여성과 비교했을 때, 3-in-1 커피를 하루 2회 이하로 섭취하는 여성은 EQ-5D를 통해 조사한 건강 관련 삶의 질저하에 대한 위험이 19% 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 남성과 여성 모두에서 섭취하고 있는 커피의 종류와 섭취량에 따라 대사증후군 관련 지표 및 대사증후군에 대한 위험에 차이가 없었다. 따라서 3-in-1 커피 섭취가 건강관련 삶의 질저하에 대한 낮은 위험과 관련이 있었으나, 대사증후군 및 관련 지표에 대한 위험과는 관련이 없다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 앞으로 3-in-1 커피 섭취가 건강관련 삶의 질 및 대사증후군 나아가 사망률까지 이어지는 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 기전을 파악하기 위해 이와 관련하여 잘 설계된 무작위 임상비교시험이나 코호트 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.73-89
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• 2019

본 연구는 2013 ~ 2015년 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도에 따른 식생활 및 영양상태를 분석하고, 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도와 관련된 부모 요인을 조사하였다. 주요 결과에 대한 요약은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대상자의 일반적 특성을 비교한 결과 과체중과 비만에 해당하는 비율은 남녀 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 둘째, 부모 요인을 비교한 결과 어머니의 BMI지수, 어머니의 비만 비율은 남자 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 어머니의 경제활동 참여비율과 부모의 직업이 단순노무직인 비율은 남자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 부모가 아침을 결식하는 비율은 남자 저학년 및 고학년과 여자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 어머니가 혼자 아침 식사를 하는 비율은 남자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 셋째, 영양소 섭취상태를 비교한 결과 아침끼니로 섭취하는 에너지는 모든 대상자에서 권장수준인 25% 이하였으며, 철분을 평균필요량 이하로 섭취하는 대상자의 비율은 남녀 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도는 비만과 영양소 섭취상태와 연관성이 있었고, 부모의 올바른 식생활 실천이 자녀의 아침결식 문제 해결의 효과적인 중재요인이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 초등학생이 규칙적이고 균형 있는 아침식사를 실천하기 위한 부모를 대상으로 한 영양교육 프로그램 개설 및 학교에서의 아침급식 도입 등과 같은 다양한 정책지원을 고려해볼 필요성이 있겠다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2006

The previous studies on the intake of trace elements performed in Korea were only concerned about major elements like Fe, Zn or Cu. There is little data about the intake of minor elements like Mn, Se, Mo or Cr. And most of the data were obtained by calculation using Food Composition Tables or by analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometers (AAS). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the dietary intake of seven trace elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean adult wonmen and to compare the data between analyzed using ICP-MS (or ICP-AES) and calculated by the CAN-Pro (or Food Composition Table). A total of nineteen adult women participated voluntarily in this study and collected one-tenth of the foods that they consumed for three consecutive days. Analyzed intake of Fe of the subjects was $6.94{\pm}2.18$ (calculated, $18.87{\pm}4.50$) mg/day, that of Ze was $9.35{\pm}4.95$ (calculated, $8.35{\pm}2.87mg/day$), that of Cu was $1.18{\pm}0.26\;(1.11{\pm}0.32mg/day)$, that of Mn was $3.69{\pm}0.69\;(2.83{\pm}1.68mg/day)$, that of Se was $41.93{\pm}9.28$ (calculated, $27.58{\pm}6.97{\mu}g/day$), that of Mo was $134.0{\pm}49.1{\mu}g/day$, and that of Cr was $136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g/day$. The analyzed Fe intake of the subjects did not meet Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) nor Recommended Intakes (RI) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. However, the analyzed intakes of the other six elements, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr, seemed to meet each of the respective RIs. The analyzed Fe intake was significantly lower than the calculated one, in fact by 2.72 times, however, the analyzed intakes of the other elements, Mn and Se, were significantly higher and those of Zn and Cu were similar than each of the calculated ones. The difference of the data between analyzed and calculated intakes indicates that it is necessary to set up database on trace element contents of foods of the Food Composition Table and the CAN-Pro so as to have accuracy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.242-253
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• 2008

It is a common clinical practice to recommend taking iron supplements for pregnant women during gestation. Although it is required to ensure adequate iron stores during pregnancy, there has been some debate over the interference effects of excessive iron load, because it is possible to compete in the transport in the intestine and placenta and in binding to serum proteins of other trace minerals. In this study, maternal and neonatal serum concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Cr, Mn, and Co were assessed along with maternal Fe intakes. A total of 124 pregnant women and their term neonates participated voluntarily in this research. The women were divided into one of the three groups {high Fe intake (HFI), median Fe intake (MFI), and low Fe intake (LFI)} by their total Fe intakes and one of the two groups (Anemic and Normal) by their Fe nutritional status. All the data were compared among the three groups and between the two groups also. Total Fe intakes of HFI, MFI, and LFI groups were 140.8 ${\pm}$ 76.1, 68.0 ${\pm}$ 11.2, and 30.2 ${\pm}$ 8.6 mg/day, respectively. Those of Anemic and Normal groups were 90.1 ${\pm}$ 74.8 and 86.6 ${\pm}$ 46.8 mg/day, respectively. Maternal Hb concentration and Hct were not significantly different among HFI, MFI, and LFI groups but those were significantly different between Anemic and Normal groups. However, neonatal Hb concentration was not significantly different among HFI, MFI, and LFI groups and between Anemic and Normal groups either. Maternal serum Fe concentrations of the three groups, HFI, MFI, and LFI, were similar but that of Anemic group was significantly lower compared to Normal group. However, there was no significant difference in neonatal serum Fe concentrations among the three groups and between the two groups either. Serum concentrations of the other trace minerals in both mothers and neonates were not significantly different among HFI, MFI, and LFI groups and between Anemic and Normal groups. In addition, in the maternal serum, Fe concentration was positively correlated to Zn and Se concentration, respectively. As for the neonatal serum, Fe concentration showed a positive correlation to Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Co concentration, respectively. No trace mineral concentration was found to correlate negatively to Fe concentration in both maternal and neonatal serum, The results in this study indicate that Fe intakes of pregnant women, even if it is considerably above the level of estimated average requirement (EAR), may not affect serum Fe concentration in both mothers and neonates. In addition it might not influence adversely on the availability of other trace minerals including Zn and Cu in both mothers and neonates.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2022

In the current years, it has now become necessary to establish standards for micronutrient intake based on scientific evidence. This review discusses issues related to the development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), and future research directions. Following issues were encountered when establishing the KDRI for these minerals. First, characteristics of Korean subjects need to be applied to estimate nutrient requirements. When calculating the estimated average requirement (EAR), the KDRI used the results of balance studies for Mg absorption and factorial analysis for Zn, which is defined as the minimum amount to offset endogenous losses for Zn and Mg. For Cu, a combination of indicators, such as depletion/repletion studies, were applied, wherein all reference values were based on data obtained from other countries. Second, there was a limitation in that it was difficult to determine whether reference values of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in the 2020 KDRI were achievable. This might be due to the lack of representative previous studies on intakes of these nutrients, and an insufficient database for Mg, Zn, and Cu contents in foods. This lack of database for mineral content in food poses a problem when evaluating the appropriateness of intake. Third, data was insufficient to assess the adequacy of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes from supplements when calculating reference values, considering the rise in both demand and intake of mineral supplements. Mg is more likely to be consumed as a multi-nutrient supplement in combination with other minerals than as a single supplement. Moreover, Zn-Cu interactions in the body need to be considered when determining the reference intake values of Zn and Cu. It is recommended to discuss these issues present in the 2020 KDRI development for Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in a systematic way, and to find relevant solutions.