• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2023

Bisphosphonates, estrogen, and calcium supplements are commonly used medications for postmenopausal osteoporosis, but they are associated with various side effects such as vaginal bleeding, deep vein thromembolism, and breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of a compound isolated from the roots of Oryza sativa L. to improve osteoporosis using an ovariectomized mouse model. We isolated and identified oryzativol A, a lignan compound, through chemical analysis of an ethanol extract using a bioassay-guided fractionation protocol. We also examined the metabolism, clearance, and CYP enzyme activity of oryzativol A, and found that it showed plasma stability of over 80% at all analysis times, and indicating a low likelihood of inactivation or excretion by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Our results showed that the high-dose group of oryzativol A exhibited a significant increase in bone mineral density compared to the control group. Although the ALP concentration did not differ significantly compared to the control group, it showed a tendency to increase in the high-dose group of oryzativol A. Furthermore, the abnormal ratio of serum Ca/P, caused by osteoporosis, was improved to a level closer to that of the normal group as the dosage of oryzativol A increased. Taken together, these findings suggest that oryzativol A is stable in vivo and has potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, particularly when administered in high doses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.532-537
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• 2008

In order to investigate the factors affecting the culture of mouse preantral follicles in vitro, we examined the effect of culture media, protein supplements, and culture period on their growth. The oocyte diameter (initial size: $55.6{\pm}2.5{\mu}m$) was progressively increased during culture, and the maximum size ($72.0{\pm}2.4{\mu}m$) was reached on day 10 of the in vitro culture. The chromatin configuration in the germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte progressively shifted from a non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) to a surrounded nucleolus (SN). On day 10 of the culture, most of the oocytes progressed to the SN pattern. The survival and metaphase II rates of the oocytes in alpha-minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in Waymouth and tissue culture medium (TCM)-199. As a protein source, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was more suitable for the culture of mouse preantral follicles as compared to human follicular fluid (hFF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA); the optimal concentration of FBS was 5%. These results suggest that in a culture of mouse preantral follicles, alpha-MEM and 5% FBS are an optimal medium and a protein source, respectively; further, the 10 days of culture is required for the complete growth of oocytes in this culture system.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.73-87
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• 2008

In recent years, there has been a globally increasing application of herbal medicines and dietary supplements to treat various chronic diseases and to promote health. However, there are increasing clinical reports on the organ toxicities associated with consumption of herbal medicines. In general, most xenobiotics are metabolized by Phase I reaction(the main enzyme : cytochrome P450) and Phase II reaction. However, reactive oxygen species, free radicals and electrophils are produced inevitably during xenobiotics metabolism. These toxic species and metabolites are increased whenever the endogenous substances and enzymes for Phase II reaction not available. In addition, herbal-drug interactions are pharmacokinetic, with most actually or theoretically affecting the metabolism of the affected product by way of the cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review updated the knowledge on metabolic activation of herbal components and its clinical and toxicological implications. Also, the possible way for preventing the side-effects by herbal-medicine use was suggested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.755-768
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• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus are major nutrients in animal feeds which partially remain in the environment as pollution. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus along with energy are the main nutrients which determine the feed cost. Any decreases in the levels of these three nutrients can contribute to reducing the pollution problem as well as the cost of feed. The nutrient requirements for chickens in the work here reported should allow for the addition of mixed enzymes (phytases, proteases, glucanases, xylanases and others). Such minimal levels of crude protein in the research results which are here reported are 16% for 0-6 weeks of age, 13.5% for 7-12 weeks of age, 11.5% for 13-18 weeks of age for layer type chicks, 13% for layer, 18% for 0-3 weeks of age broiler and 16.5% for 4-7 weeks of age broiler. These research projects have been done without adding enzyme supplements to their experimental diets. The minimal values of phosphorus, shown as available phosphorus, are 0.25% for pullets, 0.09% for layers and 0.25% for broilers with the addition of phytase. The minimum energy requirement (metabolizable energy) for reducing the feed cost could be summarized as 2,750 kcal per kg feed for pullets, 2,800 kcal for layers and 2,700 kcal for broilers.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 한국의 전통주인 약주를 쌀과 쌀전분, 그리고 4개의 발효제(효소제, 개량누룩, 재래누룩, 황국)를 사용하여 제조하였다. 쌀과 쌀전분의 원료차이와 발효제에 따른 발효 특성을 조사하였다. 우선 일반성분을 살펴보면 수분함량은 쌀 12.80, 쌀전분 10.75%, 발효제별로는 황국 5.57~재래누룩 8.15%로 나타났으며, 조단백은 쌀 76.90, 쌀전분 4.90 g, 발효제별로는 효소제 0.17~황국 77.10 g 의 범위로 나타났다. 조지방은 쌀 3.90, 쌀전분 2.20 g이며, 발효제별로는 효소제 0~황국 1.40 g으로 나타났으며, 회분은 쌀 5.10, 쌀전분은 3.90 g, 발효제별로는 개량누룩 0.57~황국 3.60 g으로 관찰되었다. 이화학성분 결과는 다음과 같다. 알코올 함량(%)을 살펴보면 쌀약주(황국 $17.67{\pm}0.12$~재래누룩 $20.13{\pm}0.12%$)가 쌀전분약주(황국 $14.93{\pm}0.23$~재래누룩 $18.47{\pm}0.12%$) 보다 높게 나타났는데 이는 각 원료 및 발효제별로 함유하고 있는 단백질 양의 차이에서 오는 것으로 단백질이 많을수록 효모의 생육에 더 용이하여 활발한 발효가 일어나기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. pH는 각각 쌀약주는 효소제 $4.50{\pm}0.08$~황국 $4.88{\pm}0.03$, 쌀전분 약주는 개량누룩 $4.34{\pm}0.02$~황국 $4.40{\pm}0.00$의 범위로 나타났는데 이 또한 원료 및 발효제별로 함유된 단백질, 지질 등의 성분이 각각 발효됨에 따라 생성된 유기산과 알코올이 상호 반응하여 ester 같은 flavor 형성에 이용되기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 이와 관련하여 총산(succinic acid, %)은 쌀약주(효소제 $0.27{\pm}0.02$~황국 $0.34{\pm}0.01$)보다 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.32{\pm}0.01$~황국 $0.48{\pm}0.01$)가 높게 나타났으며, 총아미노산(glycine, %)은 쌀약주(효소제 $0.59{\pm}0.09$~황국 $4.28{\pm}0.1$)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.63{\pm}0.10$~황국 $4.45{\pm}0.1$)보다 높게 나타나 발효제별로 각각의 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 누룩 자체의 색이 발효 중 용출되어 약주의 색에 기인하는 착색도는 쌀약주(효소제 $0.23{\pm}0.00$~재래누룩 $0.35{\pm}0.00$)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.10{\pm}0.00$~황국 $0.28{\pm}0.00$)보다 높게 나타나 약주 자체의 색이 진할 것으로 사료되고 발효제별 각각의 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 유기산 함량은 쌀약주(효소제 259.27~황국 357.70 mg%)보다 쌀전분 약주(재래누룩 389.83~효소제 538.34 mg%)에서 높게 나타났는데 이는 쌀보다 전분함량이 많은 쌀전분에서 효모의 작용이 활발하게 일어나 유기산이 생성된 것으로 사료된다. 유기산 중 와인과 맥주의 짠맛, 쓴맛, 신맛의 복합체인 succinic acid와 TCA cycle로부터 생성되는 citric acid의 함량이 쌀약주와 쌀전분약주 모두에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 유리 질소화합물의 함량은 쌀약주(효소제 498.38~황국 5,976.93 ppm)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 600.43~황국 4,463.79 ppm)보다 높게 나타났다. 주요 유리 질소화합물 성분으로는 alanine, leucine, glutamic acid, arginine이 7.51~9.58%의 범위로 가장 높게 나타났는데 쌀 및 쌀전분에 따른 질소화합물의 분포에는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 지금까지의 결과를 요약하면 쌀약주와 쌀전분약주의 발효특성을 비교해본 결과 주류의 전체적인 맛, 향, 색 등에 관여하는 아미노산 함량이 약 15.7배 많은 쌀약주가 쌀전분 약주에 비해 감칠맛, 단맛, 쓴맛 등 풍미가 많을 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 아미노산이 너무 많으면 잡미가 증가하고 숙성취(노주취)를 발생시키기 때문에 적정 함량을 유지하기 위해서 알맞은 원료와 발효제를 사용하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 약주의 품질은 다양한 성분에 의해서 영항을 받으며, 발효과정에서 많은 변화가 일어나므로 종합적인 평가가 필요하며 각 원료 및 발효제별 품질특성에 대해서 추가적인 조사가 요구된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.488-497
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• 2011

Oxygen is necessary to sustain life, yet cellular oxygen metabolism creates destructive elements called free radicals. Free radicals are chemically unbalanced and carrying free electrons that can damage molecules, potentially damaging the cell itself. For this reason, many antioxidant products, including supplements and functional foods, are being developed. In particular, natural products are rich sources of pharmacologically active compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of target biomaterials in Korean traditional spices such as diallyl sulfide (DAS), capsaicin (CAP), and gingerol (GGR), and to investigate the response of the antioxidant defense system to oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) compared to sulforaphane (SFN) in HepG2 cells. After the analysis of the cell viability using Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, we determined that the optimum levels were $200{\mu}M$ DAS, $25{\mu}M$ CAP, $50{\mu}M$ GGR, and $12.5{\mu}M$ SFN. Antioxidant enzymes were measured and protein expression was detected by Western blotting. All treatments showed a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase, catalse, and glutathione peroxidase in HepG2 cells. Additionally, DAS, CAP, GGR and SFN increased the antioxidant system-related transcription factor Nrf2 which was found to be regulated by the activation of MAPK-JNK in this study. In conclusion, these results indicate the protective effects of DAS CAP, GGR, and SFN against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2009

Dietary lipids are rapidly hydrolysed and biohydrogenated in the rumen resulting in meat and milk characterised by a high content of saturated fatty acids and low polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which contributes to increases in the risk of diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. There has been considerable interest in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant products with the overall aim of improving the long-term health of consumers. Metabolism of dietary lipids in the rumen (lipolysis and biohydrogenation) is a major critical control point in determining the fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Our understanding of the pathways involved and metabolically important intermediates has advanced considerably in recent years. Advances in molecular microbial technology based on 16S rRNA genes have helped to further advance our knowledge of the key organisms responsible for ruminal lipid transformation. Attention has focused on ruminal biohydrogenation of lipids in forages, plant oils and oilseeds, fish oil, marine algae and fat supplements as important dietary strategies which impact on fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Forages, such as grass and legumes, are rich in omega-3 PUFA and are a useful natural strategy in improving nutritional value of ruminant products. Specifically this review targets two key areas in relation to forages: i) what is the fate of the lipid-rich plant chloroplast in the rumen and ii) the role of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase in red clover as a natural plant-based protection mechanism of dietary lipids in the rumen. The review also addresses major pathways and micro-organisms involved in lipolysis and biohydrogenation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the association of enzyme-producing microbes and their enzymes with starch and hemicellulose degradation during fermentation of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Methods: The TMRs were prepared with soybean curd residue, alfalfa hay (ATMR) or Leymus chinensis hay (LTMR), corn meal, soybean meal, vitamin-mineral supplements, and salt at a ratio of 25:40:30:4:0.5:0.5 on a dry matter basis. Laboratory-scale bag silos were randomly opened after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of ensiling and subjected to analyses of fermentation quality, carbohydrates loss, microbial amylase and hemicellulase activities, succession of dominant amylolytic or hemicellulolytic microbes, and their microbial and enzymatic properties. Results: Both ATMR and LTMR silages were well preserved, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. In addition to the substantial loss of water soluble carbohydrates, loss of starch and hemicellulose was also observed in both TMR silages with prolonged ensiling. The microbial amylase activity remained detectable throughout the ensiling in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase activity progressively decreased until it was inactive at day 14 post-ensiling in both TMR silages. During the early stage of fermentation, the main amylase-producing microbes were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens), B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis in ATMR silage and B. flexus, B. licheniformis, and Paenibacillus xylanexedens (P. xylanexedens) in LTMR silage, whereas Enterococcus faecium was closely associated with starch hydrolysis at the later stage of fermentation in both TMR silages. B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and P. xylanexedens were the main source of microbial hemicellulase during the early stage of fermentation in ATMR and LTMR silages, respectively. Conclusion: The microbial amylase contributes to starch hydrolysis during the ensiling process in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase participates in the hemicellulose degradation only at the early stage of ensiling.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of kaempferol on the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine in rats. Nimodipine and kaempferol interact with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and the increase in the use of health supplements may result in kaempferol being taken concomitantly with nimodipine as a combination therapy to treat orprevent cardiovascular disease. The effect of kaempferol on P-gp and CYP3A4 activity was evaluated and Pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine were determined in rats after an oral (12 mg/kg) and intravenous (3 mg/kg) administration of nimodipine to rats in the presence and absence of kaempferol (0.5, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg). Kaempferol inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of $17.1{\mu}M$. In addition, kaempferol significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in MCF-7/ADR cells overexpressing P-gp. Compared to the oral control group, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ($AUC_{0-\infty}$) and the peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) of nimodipine significantly increased, respectively. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability of nimodipine in the presence of kaempferol (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) was 29.1-33.3%, which was significantly enhanced compared to the oral control group (22.3%). Moreover, the relative bioavailability of nimodipine was 1.30- to 1.49-fold greater than that of the control group. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous nimodipine was not affected by kaempferol in contrast to those of oral nimodipine. Kaempferol significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of nimodipine, which might be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of nimodipine in the small intestine and /or in the liver and to inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter in the small intestine by kaempferol. The increase in oral bioavailability of nimodipine in the presence of kaempferol should be taken into consideration of potential drug interactions between nimodipine and kaempferol.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권9호
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• pp.1053-1060
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 잣피 열수, 20% 주정, 50% 주정 추출물들이 항염증과 항산화에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 ABTS 항산화능과 SOD, CAT, GPx 항산화 효소, NO의 분비량, 염증성 cytokine의 분비량을 살펴보고자 하였다. 잣피 열수, 20% 주정, 50% 주정 추출물 중 20% 주정 추출물이 항산화능, 항산화 효소 활성 증가, NO의 분비량 감소, 염증성 cytokine 분비량을 감소시켜 염증반응과 항산화 반응에 도움을 주어 내부에서 생성된 활성산소종과 외부로부터 침입한 미생물, 감염된 세포나 종양세포 등을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것이라 예상할 수 있었다. 이는 염증뿐만 아니라 면역반응에서도 영향을 미칠 것이라 생각되며 염증조절 및 항산화 반응에 긍정적인 변화를 보였으므로 추후 염증 조절제로서 기능성 식품의 상업화에 기초 자료가 되어 국내 기능성 소재로서의 개발 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.