• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2012

The goal of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties, lactic acid bacteria and physiological functionality of Korean commercial Makgeolli. We collected 60 kinds of raw and pasteurized Makgeolli commercially available in Korea. Their physicochemical properties, lactic acid bacteria content and physiological functionalities were determined. In the commercial raw Makgeolli, ethanol and residual sugar content ranged from 3.6% to 9.6% and 0.20% to 4.52%, respectively. Furthermore, the raw Makgeolli contained 3.50 to 101.9 mg% of amino nitrogen. In the pasteurized Makgeolli, ethanol content ranged from 4.0% to 7.0% and their residual sugar content were 0.98% to 7.57%. The raw Makgeolli contained 2.0 $ent^3$~1.2 $ine^8$ CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria. Among several functionalities, the antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of EDS-14 raw Makgeolli and PWR-12 pasteurized Makgeolli were very high, at 89.9% and 87.0% respectively. The other functionalities were seen to be below 30% or not detectable. The ${\beta}$-Glucan contents of the raw and pasteurized Makgeolli were noted as average, at 14.1% and 14.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2013

This study was conducted to improve the yield of extracts from Alaska pollock Theragra chalcogramma head and sea tangle Laminaria japonica byproducts using various commercial enzymes, such as Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase (NH), and Protamex. Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, the yield was highest in hydrolysate incubated with NH for 4 h. NH-treated hydrolysates (NHH) also improved functional properties, such as angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, as compared to extracts from Alaska pollock head and sea tangle byproducts. Total free amino acid and taste values of NHH were 379.7 mg/100 mL and 24.03, respectively, after digestion for 4 h. These values are 2.2-fold and 1.9-fold higher compared with those of water soluble fractions extracted from Alaska pollock head and non-forming sea tangle, respectively. According to the taste value results, the major taste-active compounds among free amino acids of NHH were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. These results suggest that NHH can be used as an ingredient for natural seasoning preparation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.403-416
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food functional properties and in vitro bioactivity of vacuum freeze-dried fish roe concentrates (FRCs) prepared from Alaska pollock Theragra chalcogramma (AP), bastard halibut Paralichthys olivaceus (BH) and skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (ST). All three species showed better buffering capacity on the alkaline side (pH 10-12) than on the acidic side. The water-holding capacities of the FRCs were 3.5, 8.5 and 4.2 g/g protein for AP, BH and ST, respectively, and were significantly higher than that of commercial egg white. The protein solubilities of the FRCs were 42.5% (AP), 50.0% (BH) and 13.9% (ST). The foaming capacities of the FRCs were not significantly different among the species (128.0% for AP, 128.3% for BH, and 143.3% for ST; P>0.05), and their foam stability was maintained at 53.0-74.2% for 60 minutes. The oil-in-water emulsifying activity indexes of AP and BH (19.5 and 20.2 ㎡/g protein, respectively) were significantly superior to that of ST (P<0.05). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid radical-scavenging activities (IC₅₀, mg/mL) of the FRCs were in the ranges of 1.05-3.26 and 0.13-0.18 mg/mL, respectively, and the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was in the range of 0.97-1.89 mg/mL.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1012-1020
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• 2011

A gene coding for an endoglucanase (EglA), of the glycosyl hydrolase family 12 and derived from Aspergillus niger VTCC-F021, was cloned and sequenced. The cDNA sequence, 717 bp, and its putative endoglucanase, a 238 aa protein with a predicted molecular mass of 26 kDa and a pI of 4.35, exhibited 98.3-98.7% and 98.3-98.6% identities, respectively, with cDNA sequences and their corresponding endoglucanases from Aspergillus niger strains from the GenBank. The cDNA was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 under the control of an AOX1 promoter with a level of 1.59 U/ml culture supernatant, after 72 h of growth in a YP medium induced with 1% (v/v) of methanol. The molecular mass of the purified EglA, determined by SDS-PAGE, was 33 kDa, with a specific activity of 100.16 and 19.91 U/mg toward 1% (w/v) of ${\beta}$-glucan and CMC, respectively. Optimal enzymatic activity was noted at a temperature of $55^{\circ}C$ and a pH of 5. The recombinant EglA (rEglA) was stable over a temperature range of $30-37^{\circ}C$ and at pH range of 3.5-4.5. Metal ions, detergents, and solvents tested indicated a slightly inhibitory effect on rEglA activity. Kinetic constants ($K_m$, $V_{max}$, $k_{cat}$, and $k_{cat}/K_m$) determined for rEglA with ${\beta}$-glucan as a substrate were 4.04 mg/ml, 102.04 U/mg, 2,040.82 $min^{-1}$, and 505.05, whereas they were 10.17 mg/ml, 28.99 U/mg, 571.71 $min^{-1}$, and 57.01 with CMC as a substrate, respectively. The results thus indicate that the rEglA obtained in this study is highly specific toward ${\beta}$-glucan. The biochemical properties of rEglA make it highly valuable for downstream biotechnological applications, including potential use as a feed enzyme.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.1 s.60
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

(6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin ($6-BH_4$) cofactor is essential for various process, and is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher organism. $6-BH_4$ is required lot various enzyme activities, and for less defined functions at the cellular level. And it is well known about the antioxidant effects as a non-protein compound. Recently, scientists proposed another roles for $6-BH_4$ in melanogenesis. $6-BH_4$ is a well known tyrosinase inhibitor. In this study, we found that methyl-$BH_4$ and $6-BH_4$ have antioxidant activities and inhibitory activity for melanin synthesis. These pterin compounds were not toxic in HaCaT and B16F10 cells and showed scavenging activity against DPPH radicals. We also showed that pterin compounds decreased protein levels of tyrosinase and TRP-1. In a clinical test, pterin compounds showed the significant skin whiteining effect after treatment for 3 weeks. Furthermore pterin compounds significantly suppressed the UVB-induced expression of $PGE_2$ and IL-6 genes induced UVB In HaCaT and inhibited UVB-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. These results showed the effect of pterin compounds as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

To identify new active anti-wrinkle ingredients, this study investigated the anti-wrinkle effects of Schizandra chinensis Baillon fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum (SCF) by assessment of cytotoxicity of human dermal fibroblast, collagen biosynthesis, matrix metalloproteinase-I (MMP-1) inhibition and elastase inhibition. S. chinensis was fermented with L. rhamnosus for 1 day at $37^{\circ}C$. The cytotoxicity of SCF was evaluated by a cytopathic effect reduction method. Effects on collagen biosynthesis and matrix metalloproteinase-I (MMP-1) of SCF were evaluated by previous reported method using procollagen type-IC peptide EIA kit and Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Biotrack activity Assay Kit, respectively. Elastase inhibition assay was conducted by reaction of enzyme and substrate using N-Suc-$(Ala)_3$-nitroanilide as the substrate. As the results, SCF didn't show cytotoxicity against human dermal fibroblast at concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Also, SCF was increased collagen synthesis and showed inhibitory effect of MMP-1 (p < 0.05). In the elastase inhibition assay, the $IC_{50}$ of SCF was $36.4{\mu}g/mL$. Therefore, our results indicated that SCF possesses anti-wrinkle effects and can be used practically for anti-wrinkle care of skin.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1997

LGC-40863(proposed common name ; pyribenzoxim), (benzophenone O-[2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoyl]oxime) is a new rice herbicide being developed by LG Chemical Ltd. The herbicide is highly selective between rice(Oryza sativa L.) and weeds including barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.), and assumed to inhibit acetolactate synthase(ALS ; EC 4.1.3.18) because other structurally related herbicides inhibit the enzyme. To know inhibitory activity and the mode of inhibition of LGC-40863, $I_{50}$(concentration inhibiting ALS activity by 50%) and inhibition kinetics were investigated using ALS extracted from rice and barnyardgrass. $I_{50}$ values of LGC-40863 were 14 and 16mM in rice and barnyardgrass, respectively. In contrast to imazapyr(2-[4,5-dihydro-4-mythyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid) which showed an uncompetitive inhibition pattern, LGC-40863 was a noncompetitive inhibitor to ALS with respect to pyruvate similar to chlorsulfuron(2-chloro-N-((4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl) aminocarbonyl)benz-enesulfonamide) in both plants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.442-448
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• 2009

Physiological activities in mulberry leaf and fruit were examined. Electron-donating ability (EDA), tyrosinase activity, SOD-like action (SOD), angiotensin I-converting enzyme-(ACE) inhibitory activity,and nitrite-scavenging ability of mulberry leaf and fruitextracted with water, with 50% (v/v) or with 100% ethanol, were measured. The EDA of mulberry leaf and fruit extracted with water or 50% (v/v) ethanol were greater (by 65.72-81.30%) than that with the 100% ethanol extract, whereas the activities of both former extracts were lower than those with 1.0% and 0.1% (both w/v) L-ascorbate solutions. The SOD-like activities of water, 50% (v/v) and 100% ethanol extracts of all samples were 24.13.26.80% lower than those of 1.0% and 0.1% (both w/v) L-ascorbate solutions. Nitrite-scavenging activity at pH 1.2 was observed in all extracts. The results further our understanding of the physiological activities of mulberry leaf and fruit extracts.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

Objectives : In recent years, many studies have been widely researching anti-inflammation effect of various medicinal plants. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ was not enough in researching of the anti-inflammation. Moreover, there is no comparative study about extraction methods. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction on Nitric oxide(NO), Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production, Cyclooxygenase(COX)-2, inducible NOS(iNOS) expression and extracellular signal regulate kinase(ERK)1/2 phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cell. Methods : $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ was extracted by EtOH and Hot water. RAW 264.7 macrophage cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Effect of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture on NO and PGE2 production in LPS induced macrophages was accessed by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunospecific assay(ELISA), respectively. Inhibition effect on COX-2, iNOS expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was examined by Immunoblotting assay. Results : 1. Cytotoxic effect of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by Hot water extraction in RAW 264.7 macrophages was not appeared, except $3125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. And cytotoxic effect was not appeared in EtOH extraction method. 2. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited NO production in LPS induced macrophages significantly. 3. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited PGE2 production in LPS induced macrophages significantly. 4. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited COX-2, iNOS expression in LPS induced macrophages. Especially, it has been confirmed that COX-2, iNOS expression were effectively inhibited in Hot water extraction. 5. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LPS induced macrophages. Especially, it has been confirmed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was effectively inhibited in Hot water extraction. Conclusions : According to the results, $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture suppresses NO, PGE2 production, COX-2, iNOS expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LPS induced macrophages. It has a potential for treating various inflammatory diseases, and Hot water extraction method could be used more extensively than EtOH extraction method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 2012

$Jeot-gal$ is a traditional Korean fermented seafood with a salt concentration of 15~20%. However, today's consumers prefer low-salted foods as they have become aware that high levels of salt cause hypertension and diabetes. In this study, the quality characteristics and shelf-life of low-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ were investigated at different fermentation temperatures and salt concentrations. The shelf-lives of 3%-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ fermented at -1, 4, and $10^{\circ}C$ were 45, 31, and 23 days, respectively, whereas those of 5%-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ were 52, 36, and 25 days. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanol extract of squid $Jeot-gal$ was stronger than that of the water extract. However, the other antioxidative activities, such as hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities, as well as enzyme inhibitory activities were very low at 20 mg/mL of water and ethanol extracts. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the quality of low-salted fermented squid $Jeot-gal$ was almost similar to that of commercial squid $Jeot-gal$ with a high salt concentration.