• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2012

Veronica peregrina (Scrophylariaceae) has been widely used as a Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of various pathological conditions including infection, hemorrhage and gastric ulcer. In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts of V. Peregrina (VPM) on the LPS-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse (C57BL/6) peritoneal macrophages. NO production was significantly down-regulated by the treatment of VPM dose dependently. To evaluate the mechanism of the inhibitory action of VPM on NO production, we performed iNOS enzyme activity assay and checked the change of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels by Western blotting. Although VPM did not affect iNOS enzyme activity, iNOS protein expression was attenuated by VPM indicating VPM inhibits NO production via suppression of iNOS enzyme expression. In addition, VPM attenuated the expression of another pro-inflammatory mediator such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose dependent manner. We also found that VPM can reduce trypsin-induced paw edema in mice. Based on this study, we suggest that V. peregrina may be beneficial in diseases which related to macrophage-mediated inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2010

Soil microbes perform crucial roles in the nutrient cycles of forest ecosystems, by effecting the decomposition of organic matter. Enzyme activities have been used to evaluate decomposition rates, as well as microbial activities. The principal objectives of this study were to determine the activities of different soil enzymes, to compare enzyme activities at different elevations, and to elucidate the most important controlling variables for enzyme activities. We conducted a field survey at three sites in Mt. Jumbong on a monthly basis from May, 2004 to September, 2005. Enzyme activities did not change substantially over different seasons. However, the spatial differences were distinct; the lowest elevation site evidenced the lowest levels of enzyme activity. Soils at the lowest elevation were nutrient-depleted soils, and enzyme activities appeared to be affected by precipitation and temperature. However, enzyme activities in fertile soils at high elevations were associated with nutrients and organic matter. The enzyme activities detected in this study differed significantly at the three elevations, and their controlling variables also evidenced different factors.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.689-710
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• 1999

Bobitang(BBT) is one of the most important prescription that has been used in oriental medicine(dongyibogam) for recovering spleen condition. The study was done to evaluate effects of BBT water extract on the spleen lipid peroxide content and metabolic enzyme system changes. After pretreatment of BBT I (100mg/kg), BBT II(250mg/kg), BBT III(350mg/kg), BBT IV(500mg/kg) for 1 week, lipid peroxide content and metabolic enzyme system changes of the spleen was measured in 8 months rats. The results were obtained as follows : 1. The content of spleen lipid peroxide was significantly decreased in all experimental groups as compared with control, and best in BBT III IV treated groups. 2. The activity of spleen superoxide generation was significantly decreased in all experimental groups as compared with control, and best in BBT IV III treated groups. 3. The activity of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine demethylase wasn't significant change. 4. The activity of aniline hydroxylase was significantly decreased in BBT IV II treated groups, xanthine oxidase was significantly decreased in all experimental groups, aldehyde oxidase was significantly decreased in BBT IV treated group as compared with control. 5. The activity of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased in all experimental groups as compared with control. 6. The activity of glutathion S-transferase was significantly increased in all experimental groups, the concentration of spleen glutathione was significantly increased in BBT IV treated group as compared with control. 7. The activity of ${\gamma}$ -glutamylcystein synthetase was significantly increased in BBT III IV I treated groups as compared with control, the activity of glutathione reductase wasn't significant change. From the above results, BBT is cosidered to have effect of remove peroxide content and free radical that was made during ageing process. It is expected that treatment of BBT can be applied in future clinical study of delaying the ageing process.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1996

The cysteine 43, potentially important in the activity of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) from Salmonella typhimurium, has been changed to serine. This mutant enzyme (C43S) has been studied in order to gain insight into the structural basis for the binding of inhibitor, substrate and product. UV-visible spectra of C43S exhibit the same spectral change in the presence of OAS as that observed with wild type enzyme, indicating C43S will form an ${\alpha}$-aminoacrylate Schiff base intermediate. At pH 6.5, however, the deacetylase activity of C43S is much higher than wild type enzyme indicating that cysteine 43 plays a role in stabilizing the ${\alpha}$-aminoacrylate intermediate. The fluoroscence spectrum of C43S exhibits a ratio of emission at 340 to 502 nm of 16.9, reflecting the lower fluorescence of PLP and indicating that the orientation of cofactor and tryptophan are different from that of the wild type enzyme. The emission spectrum of C43S in the presence of OAS gives two maxima at 340 and 535 nm. The 535 nm emission is attributed to the fluoroscence of the ${\alpha}$-aminoacrylate intermediate. The visible circular dichroic spectrum was similar to wild type enzyme, but the negative effect observed at 530~550 nm and the molar ellipicity values for the mutant are decreased by about 50% compared to wild type enzyme. The circular dichroic and fluoroscence studies suggest binding of the cofactor is less asymmetric in C43S than in the wild type enzyme.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2009

Cryotin F could be used for hydrolyzing shrimp byproducts into bioactive ingredients, which could be used as value-added products. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum condition for antioxidative activities of the enzymatic hydrolysate produced with Cryotin F using response surface methodology with central composite rotatable design. Shrimp byproducts (shells and heads) were hydrolyzed with Cryotin F. The experimental ranges of the independent variables for 20 experimental runs were 28.2-61.8${^{\circ}C}$ reaction temperature, pH 6-10 and 0.5-5.5% enzyme concentration. The degree of hydrolysis for the reaction products was measured. Their antioxidative activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity. The experimental method with central composite rotatable design was well designed to investigate the optimum condition for biofunctional ingredients with antioxidative activities using Cryotin F because of their high R2 values of 0.97 and 0.95 for DPPH-scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity, respectively. Change in enzyme concentration did not significantly affect their antioxidative activities (p<0.05). Both DPPH scavenging activity and chelating activity against Fe for the enzyme hydrolysates were more affected by the pH of enzyme hydrolysis than by their action temperature. DPPH-scavenging activity was higher at acidic pH than alkali pH, while chelating activity against Few was inversely affected. Hydrolysate of shrimp byproducts showed high antioxidative activities depending on the treatment condition, so the optimum treatment of enzymatic hydrolysate with Cryotin F and other proteases can be applied to shrimp byproducts (shells) and other protein sources for biofunctional ingredients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.414-421
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• 1999

Helicobacter pylori were found to be resistant to azide but sensitive to vanadate, suggesting that defect in the P-type ATPase activity rather than F-type ATPase would be lethal to cell survival or growth. To elucidate the relationship between this enzyme inhibition and H. pylori death, we determined the effect of omeprazole (OMP) plus vanadate on enzyme activity and cell growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; ca. 0.8$\mu$mol/disk) of vanadate for H. pylori growth was lowered over l0-fold with the aid of OMP, whereby its inhibitory potential toward the P-type ATPase activity was diametrically increased. Alternatively, we found that this enzyme activity was essential for active transport in H. pylori. From these observations, we strongly suggest that the immediate cause of the growth inhibition of H. pylori cells with OMP and/or vanadate might be defective in the cell's active transport due to the lack of P-type ATPase activity. From the spectral data with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, we found that activated OMP (OAS) at concentration below MIC did not disrupt helical structures of membrane proteins. Separately, we determined the cytopathic effect of OAS by SDS-PAGE, indicating the change in the production of cytoplasmic protein but not cell membrane.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.239-244
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• 2006

For studies of fibrinolytic enzyme strain K-54 was isolated from the Korean traditional food chungkook-jang. Isolated strains K-54 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The molecular weight of fibrinolytic enzyme from B. subtilis K-54 was 27 kDa. Optimum temperature for fibrinolytic enzyme of B. subtilis K-54 was $50-70^{\circ}C$ and optimum pH for producing the enzyme of this strain was ranging from 8 to 12. Also, it was found out enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 1mM PMSF. The result indicated this enzyme was thermo-stable alkaline serine protease with strong fibrinolytic activity. The wool and silk were treated with protease of B. subtilis K-54. As a result, the property of dyeing of wool fabrics was increased. By the increasing of treatment time became smoothened. But the change of mechanical properties were not changed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2003

Twenty eight multiparous lactating cows were utilized in an experiment to evaluate the response to an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on their lactational performance during early lactation period (in terms of milk production, milk composition, feed intake, milking efficiency, body weight change) and the exact time of this response. Cows were randomized into two groups (14 each) with similar parities and were fed a concentrate ration of barley, ground corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran and roughage ration of alfalfa hay. One of the two groups was supplemented with the fibrolytic enzyme immediately after parturition up to 100 post partum. The experiment was of two phases with 50 days each. The enzyme, which has a cellulase/hemicellulase activity (derived from Trichoderma group), was added to the concentrate part of the ration in a dry powder form. Milk production, 3.5% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk were higher (p<0.05) for cows fed treated diet. At the same time, No differences were observed in percentages of milk components, feed intake, body weight, body weight change, or rectal temperature for the whole experimental period or during any of the two phases. Efficiency of milk production was higher (p<0.05) for treatment group cows than for that of the control ones. However, efficiency was better during the second phase than during the first phase. Feeding enzyme treated diets to dairy cows improved lactational performance during early 100 day of the lactation period. However, the first 50 days of lactation looked to be the critical.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.500-508
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• 2011

Forty-four Gansu Alpine Fine-wool lambs were used to study changes in the activities of three gastric and five pancreatic enzymes under grazing conditions between 0 and 56 days of age. The lambs were slaughtered on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56, the abomasal contents, mucosa and pancreas were immediately removed and placed into liquid nitrogen and enzyme activities were determined. Gastric enzyme (chymosin, pepsin and pregastrc esterase) activities were relatively high at birth, especially chymosin, but decreased quickly between day 0 and 21. The activity of pepsin changed insignificantly with increasing age. There was no significant change in the pancreatic enzyme activities (trypsin, chymotrypsin, ${\alpha}$-amylase, lipase and lactase). The activity of trypsin was relatively higher than that of the other pancreatic enzymes, and lactase activity was low. These ontogenic patterns might be under the control of many gut regulatory peptides, the plasma concentrations of which changed simultaneously. Some gastric and pancreatic enzymes were correlated with plasma concentrations of these gut regulatory peptides.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.659-674
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• 1999

The experimental studies were carried out in order to prove the effect of BSH water extract on Renal lipid peroxide content and metabolic enzyme system experimental studies about peroxide content, transferase, enzyme activity were carried out. The result were obtained as follows : 1. In the change of lipid peroxide of renal tissue, all group was decreased, more of two weeks was decreased. 2. In the Change of BUN of renal tissue, all group was decreased. 3. In the change of LDH of urine, all group was not significant. 4. In the change of ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferasde, Xanthine oxidase, Aldehyde oxidase of urine, all group was decreased. 5. In the change of protein-bound SH, nonprotein-bound SH, glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, ${\gamma}$-Glutamylcystein synthetase of renal tissue, all group was increased. From above results, BSH was had significant effects on the senile, so it is expected to clinical application on senility and geratology.