• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.52-66
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• 2014

Promotion of a closed-loop supply chain requires disassembly systems that recycle end-of-life (EOL) assembled products. To operate the recycling disassembly system, parts selection is environmentally and economically carried out with non-destructive or destructive disassembly, and the recycling rate of the whole EOL product is determined. As the number of disassembled parts increases, the recycling rate basically increases. However, the labor cost also increases and brings lower profit, which is the difference between the recovered material prices and the disassembly costs. On the other hand, since the precedence relationships among disassembly tasks of the product also change with the parts selections, it is also required to optimize allocation of the tasks in designing a disassembly line. In addition, because information is required for such a design, the recycling rate, profit of each part and disassembly task times take precedence among the disassembly tasks. However, it is difficult to obtain that information in advance before collecting the actual EOL product. This study proposes and analyzes an optimal disassembly system design using integer programming with the environmental and economic parts selection (Igarashi et al., 2013), which harmonizes the recycling rate and profit using recyclability evaluation method (REM) developed by Hitachi, Ltd. The first stage involves optimization of environmental and economic parts selection with integer programming with ${\varepsilon}$ constraint, and the second stage involves optimization of the line balancing with integer programming in terms of minimizing the number of stations. The first and second stages are generally and mathematically formulized, and the relationships between them are analyzed in the cases of cell phones, computers and cleaners.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.3-13
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• 2017

This study has developed a design indicator required to promote green remodeling in school facilities. And, implemented the green remodeling pilot test on the school facilities that are planning actual remodeling. This pilot test suggested user participation design methodology such as verification of the developed design indicator, design goal setting, evaluation and adjustment of design proposal. The Green Remodeling Design Indicators were classified into 3 large categories of architectural performance, usability, and design through analysis of cases related to 'green buildings' and 'remodeling'. We have developed nine middle categories such as architectural and structural performance, facility performance, environmentally-friendly, circulation, space, amenity, harmony with surroundings, form and symbolization. In addition, 42 detailed indicators were developed for each category, including general, functional, and special indicators. For the verification of this study, two green remodeling design workshops were conducted for Gwangju J elementary school. The first design workshop presented the importance of the design indicator and set the goal of the design plan of green remodeling for project. And, the second Workshop presented the evaluation of the satisfaction with the design and the direction of future adjustment for project. The design indicator developed in this study can be utilized as a design indicator of design quality management and decision system for the school green remodeling in the future. In addition, by accumulating information on the Green Remodeling Project, it is necessary to spread green remodeling and construct a sustainable building environment.

• 한국유기농업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유기농업학회 2001년도 심포지엄
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• pp.192-206
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• 2001

A major challenge in the transition from conventional to organic production in a grain intensive region such as the Com Belt legion of the U.S.A. is how to profitably select and manage a crop relation. The opportunity cast of forgoing grain production for forage and green manure crops is significant. Many organic researchers and writers emphasize the need to bring an animal enterprise into the farming system for diversification and enhanced labor utilization. Livestock also add value to grain and forage crops to offset decreased grain production and can recapture nutrients used in crop production that can be recycled through manure. In grain intensive regions, organic farmers should consider swine production as a natural fit for the farming system. Swine are very efficient and adaptable animals that can add value to both grain and forage crops. While somewhat lacking, there is a reasonable body of literature on organic and sustainable swine production. However, there is relatively little specific information available to organic farmers to assist in the initial decision to enter organic swine production and to evaluate marketing alternatives. The primary focus of this paper is to give some background on organic animal production(emphasis on swine) in the Central United States and outline production and marketing decisions and considerations, relative to market trends, demographics and standards(U.S.). At the farm level, decisions must be made regarding resources, such as land, labor, financial and social capital, all relative to opportunities, all in the context of the standards and market forces beyond the farm. At the personal level the farmer must also make decisions about convictions regarding organic or environmentally friendly agriculture, willingness to change, impacts on lifestyle and family, and the transition to organic methods within the planning horizon of the farmer and the family business.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.398-405
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• 2020

Nutrient manipulation is a promising strategy for controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. Although many studies have investigated the relationships between certain elements and plant diseases, few have comprehensively explored how differing mineral nutrition levels might affect plant-fungal pathogen interactions, namely plant susceptibility and resistance. Here, we systematically explored the effects of the seven mineral elements that plants require in the greatest amounts for normal development on the susceptibility of soybean plants (Glycine max) to Fusarium oxysporum infection in controlled greenhouse conditions. Nitrogen (N) negligibly affected plant susceptibility to infection in the range 4 to 24 mM for both tested soybean cultivars. At relatively high concentrations, phosphorus (P) increased plant susceptibility to infection, which led to severely reduced shoot and root dry weights. Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) induced plant resistance to infection as their concentrations were increased. For K and Ca, moderate concentrations had a positive effect on plant resistance to the pathogen, whereas relatively high doses of either element adversely affected plant growth and promoted disease symptoms. Further experiments were conducted, assessing disease suppression by selected combinations of macro-elements and Fe at screened concentrations, i.e., K (9 mM) plus Fe (0.2 mM), and S (4 mM) plus Fe (0.2 mM). The disease index was significantly reduced by the combination of K plus Fe. In conclusion, this systematic investigation of soybean plant responses to F. oxysporum infection provides a solid basis for future environmentally-friendly choices for application in soybean disease control programs.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

Fossil energy is needed for a whole year greenhouse cropping due to climate in South Korea. Because the most of the fossil energy resources is imported, it is necessary to develop technology to be able to reduce the energy cost in order to manage greenhouse profitably. The greenhouse commonly consume less amount of energy as compared to other industrial sectors. Replacement of fossil fuel with solar thermal storage, therefore, can be an economical as well as environmentally sustainable option for greenhouse heating. The fluid flow, heat storage and radiation characteristic of the gravel bed model were analyzed to provide basic data for design of the experimental solar heated greenhouse with underground thermal storage using gravel. The air flow velocity in the gravel storage bed was proven to be affected from the capacity of circulation fan and the circulation method and the positive pressure method was proven to be the best among the different air circulation methods. The initial air temperature of the thermal storage bed of 1.2 m $wide{\times}9$ m $long{\times}0.9$ m deep was $10^{\circ}C$. After the thermal storage bed is heated by air of the mean temperature $4^{\circ}C$ during 9 hours, the temperature has increased about $20.3^{\circ}C$ and the storage of heat was about 33,000 kcal. The important factors should be taken into consideration for design of the solar heated greenhouse with underground thermal storage using gravel are insulation of rock storage, amount of storing heat, inflow rate and direction of inlet and outlet duct.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2013

21세기 녹색성장 시대의 도래와 함께 경제 사회 문화적으로 점차 안정화되면서 사람들은 홍수와 가뭄으로부터 완전한 해방을 기대함과 동시에 생활 터전의 일부로써 친수공간에서 생태적 교류를 갈망하고 있다. 이러한 시대적 요구의 변화에 적응하기 위해서는 하천관리 정책의 포커스도 기존의 단순한 수해방지를 탈피한 재해예방과 함께 자연의 환경적 생태적 관점을 고려한 종합적인 하천관리가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 측면을 반영하여 하천이 재해예방과 함께 자연환경과 조화를 이룰 수 있게 정비 관리될 수 있는 해법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 필요한 것은 유역종합치수계획에 의한 치수정책, 국가주도의 하천관리, 돌발홍수 대처능력 강화, 그리고 자연형 하천정비의 확대 등의 추진이 환경적으로 건전하고 지속가능한 개발에 접근하는 것이라고 본다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2007

In this study, relationship between the air pollution of Siheung city and the relative contribution of automobiles to the city's pollution was evaluated for the first time. Then, new air pollution exposure index was developed through simulation. Using the newly developed index, two different urban development scenarios were compared to present a sustainable urban development plan to reduce air pollution from the land utilization point of view. According to the result of this simulation, air quality of the city was found to be affected significantly by human activities. More populated area showed worse level of air quality. Any development in the city resulted in more automobile activity and deterioration of air quality. This simulation result thus explains that a rapid increase of automobiles accompanied by the land development near local roadsides in the city is the major cause of air pollution in Siheung city. In this study, if urban activities are vigorous in an area with high air pollution, people are more likely to be exposed to air pollutant under the bad environmental conditions. On the other hand, if urban activities are less vigorous in an area with high pollution or if urban activities are vigorous in an area with less pollution, the environmental condition was positive. The APEI (Air Pollution Exposure Index) was developed based on these considerations. Scenarios 1 and 2 were compared and analyzed using APEI. In result, scenario 1 is the case in which land is developed and used in an environmentally favorable manner. From this study, it was proved that the impact of air pollution on human health can be minimized with proper land use. The result form the current study can be used as the basic information to solve problems from improper land utilization and air pollution (by road traffic). It also can be utilized to evaluate air pollution level according to land use and road characteristics and to help to choose the best location of land use to comply with the road function and status.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권5호통권112호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2005

This landscape design proposal was presented for a competition for mixed-use development project by project financing in Asan Baebang which was held by the Korea National Housing Corporation in July of 2005. The site is a center of Asan Baebang New Town Development District and has a commercial area of $57,929m^{2}$. Design guidelines and judging criteria of this competition were to build a symbolic center and cultural core for district, to elevate positive image and identity of Asan New Town by attractive place making, to link with separated block in the site and regional context, and to make environmentally sustainable design by creating an attractive waterfront of Jang Jae stream passing through the site. This is the most important condition for the design. Therefore, the authors developed design concept and strategy within the guidelines and this conditions. The schema of the design was introduced by the water in the site. To evolve design concept, we reinterpreted water and context in the site combining with landscape design strategy. So the proposal set the main design concept as 'all that is solid melt into water' as if Marshall Berman said. By doing that, design concept of the proposal evolved as follows: 'extension' of water and greer, 'a joint' of space,'newness' of experience, 'breath' of consensus with each other. The spatial concept of this project was developed by expressing five theme spaces; eco zone, entertainment zone, art zone, culture zone, leisure zone. These theme spaces were consecutively placed along the pedestrian path and to consists of vertical layer in each level and diverse design technique and spatial effects are used.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.25-48
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• 1993

International concern over the environmental pollution is ever increasing, and diversified countermeasures must be devised in Korea also. Global trend, damages, problems and countermeasures with respect to issues mentioned in the Rio Declaration, such as prevention of ozone layer destruction, reduction of migratory atmospheric pollution between neighboring countries, and prevention of global greenhouse effect, were discussed in this report. Conclusion of the report is summarized as follows : A. Measurement, Planning and Monitoring (1) Development and implementation of a global network for measurement and monitoring from the global aspects such factors as related to acid rain(Pioneer substances, pH, sulfate, nitrate), effect of global temperature(Air temperature, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, CFC, $N_2O$) and destruction of ozone layer($CFC_S$). (2) Establishment of network system via satellite monitoring movement of regional air mass, damage on the ozone layer and ground temperature distribution. B. Elucidation of Present State (1) Improvement and development of devices for carbon circulation capable of accurately forecasting input and output of carbon. (2) Developmental research on chemical reactions of greenhouse gas in the air. (3) Improvement and development of global circulation model(GCM) C. Impact Assessment Impact assessment on ecosystem, human body, agriculture, floodgate, land use, coastal ecology, industries, etc. D. Preventive Measures and Technology Development (1) Development and consumption of new energy (2) Development of new technology for removal of pioneer substances (3) Development of substitute matter for $CFC_S$ (4) Improvement of agriculture and forestry means to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (5) Improvement of housing to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (6) Development of new technology for probing underground water (7) Preservation of forest (8) Biomass 5. Policy Development (1) Development of strategy model (2) Development of long term forecast model (3) Development of penalty charge effect and expense evaluation methods (4) Feasibility study on regulations By establishing the above mentioned measures for environmentally sound and sustainable development to establish the right to live for humankind and to preserve the one and only earth.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.80-93
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• 1997

Allelopathic compounds as naturally occurring herbicide have originally reported from local vegetation since B.C. 300. These compounds are known as secondary plant metabolites which released from plants into the environment often attract or repel, nourish or poison other organisms. In recent, many natural plant allelochemicals be used to attempt to biologically or ecologically control weed among worldwide weed scientists. Some allelochemicals have also used as fungicides, insecticides, and nematodicides, and were less than man-made agrochemicals to damage the global ecosystem. It makes efficient use of resources internal to the farm, relies on a minimum of purchased inputs. Some scientists selected for allelopathic activity when breeding weed-controlling cultivars of rice, sorghum, cucumber, surflower etc. Thus, this paper is focused on allelopathic compounds isolated from cultivated crop with the high potential of prospective herbicides. The most environmentally acceptable and sustainable approach to utilization of allelopathy for weed control is to develop plant cultivars with proven allelopathic characteristics. In rice accessions, there are 60 cultivars/lines which have known as allelopathic activity and some of these cultivars control weed more less 90% within certain radius of activity. These accessions are originated from 15 countries including Korea, Japan, USA, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Afghanistan, Mali, Pakistan, Colombia, Egypt, China, and Dom. Rep. From these cultivars, the most common allelopathic compounds identified in rice are p-Hydroxybenzoic, Vanillic, p-Coumaric, and Ferulic acids. In addition, allelopathic lines of the following crop have shown inhibition of weed growth : beet (Beta vulgaris), lupin(Lupinus spp.), com(Zea mays), Wheat(Triticum aestivum), oats(Avena spp.) peas(Pisum sativum), barley(Hordeum vulgare), rye(Secale cereale), and cucumber(Cucumis sativus). Thus, future allelopathy research must be designed its potentially phytotoxic propertices and the ecotoxic features of the allelochemicals from release to degradation ; its ecological sustainability, its allelopathic effect in early growth. stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical concentrations. Also, research approach in allelopathy might be screened for highly allelopathic germplasm collection of crops, the idea being to ultimately transfer this agronomic character into improved cultivars by either conventional breeding or other genetic transfer techniques.