• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.91-106
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• 1993

The objective of this study is to prepare a proposal for desired changes in the laws and regulations system of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) about cultural assets preservation. The related Korean regulatory system and literature for EIA have been surveyed and case studies have been analyzed and actual cases where cultural assets protection were of issue have been studied to deduce the problems of those areas. Based on the result of this study, proposed changes are as follows; 1. "Status of cultural Assets" is to be included as common assessment factor for all categories of object projects in "Table 2: Essential Assessment Factors for Individual Project Category" of "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 2. "Status of Underground Cultural Assets and Potential Underground Cultural Assets" is to be inserted as a survey factor in "Table 3:Format of and Instruction for Impact Statement". 3. The clause of "-- the survey should be performed on-site and the investigation report should be submitted." is to be inserted in methods of survey in "Table 3". 4. Ground survey of cultural assets should be performed prior to completion of project planning, that is, from the stage of pre-study for site selection. 5. The application of impact abatement from "Methods and Plants for Impacts Abatement" of "Report for Development of EIA Statement Technologies" should be included, with proper modification of timing, in "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 6. The expense liability clause in "Cultural Assets Preservation Act" is to be revised as "a certain ratio of expenses for excavation should be borne by the government." 7. Regulatory device for collecting appropriate opinions should be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion. be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.33-41
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• 2022

As the number of automobile registrations increases yearly, parking spaces that are located in downtown areas are increasing, and mechanical parking facilities are also increasing. Therefore, there is a high risk of accidents when installing and repairing a mechanical parking facility. In the preceding six years (from 2012 to 2018), the statistics that pertain to accidental disasters indicated that a total of 137 disaster victims were generated by the construction sector, 33 accidents occurred, and 10 people died. However, only the safety management items pertaining to accidents that occur during maintenance work and the use of the installed mechanical parking facilities are being studied; furthermore, there is no ongoing research with respect to the risk management that is conducted at the construction site. In 2017, the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) announced the "Guidelines for Safe Installation and Maintenance of Mechanical Parking Equipment"; however, it is a safety guideline that is limited to the installation of basic protective equipment and to facility installation. There is no model for mechanical parking facilities that is indicated in the "Risk Assessment Model by Construction Industry Type", which is issued by the Safety and Health Corporation and is widely utilized for risk assessment in the construction industry; moreover, elevator installation work CODE N0: 22 is the only major example of a disaster. In this study, "risk assessment through a focus group interview" was performed, and data was derived from the "risk assessment of Article 41 (2) of the Industrial Safety and Health Act", which reflects the characteristics of the construction industry based on AHP analysis. The results of this study can be utilized for the risk assessment that is conducted during the construction stage of mechanical parking facilities.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.43-53
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• 1998

Ambient air levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are of concern because of their potential for adverse health effects including transformation of some of these substances to mutagens and carcinogens by mammalian microsomal enzyme system. Airbone particulate samples were collected by a conventional high-volume sampler and by an Anderson cascade impactor on 2 to 3 days in each month over a period of 1 year at a representative site of the heavy traffic area of Seoul from beptember 1994 to August 1995. Ten individual PAHs in sizable air particulates of each stage of two months were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a results of analysis, the gross concentrations of PAHs in the fine and coarse particles were higher in the winter month than in the spring, followed in descending order by in the fall and summer. In a study of dependency of 10 PAHs compounds on size distribution of particles at heavy traffic area found that about 85% of the total PAHs content was associated with particles less than 2.0um (fine particles) in diameter of winter sampling period. while 79% were associated with this size fraction during summer period. In according to the mean concentrations of the 10 PAHs in 7 size classification from < 0.38 to> 10.1, the 'size was the smaller, PAHs concentration was the higher. Thus it was found that PAHs concentration was greatly affected by air particle size. Annual mean benzo(a)pyrene equivalents was 5.88ng/m$^3$ and obtained by applying, toxic equivalency factor developed by Nisbet and Lagoy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.85-88
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• 2001

Since mountainous area has access restrictions for field work, assessors need to establish a conceptual model of the contamination prior to the field investigation. In this study we established a conceptual model of the contamination based on site inspection and geological survey, followed by the field investigation for the petroleum spill site. In the conceptual model, we estimated that tile contamination should have spread by groundwater and topographical characteristics within the top soil layer. The spread of contamination through rock was not considered in the conceptual model due to impermeable characteristics of metasyenite. The contaminated environmental media of the petroleum spill site include soil and groundwater. According to the analysis result of the contamination, the volume of contaminated soil is estimated approximately 4, 150 cubic meters (7, 055 ton) with most contaminants existing along the groundwater flow within top soil layer.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to accumulation of the heavy metals by riparian vegetation throughout analysis of the heavy metal concentration in riparian vegetation, water, and sediment near mine drainage. According to analyzing concentration of the heavy metals in riparian vegetation, water, and sediment the heavy metal was indicated at the leaf significantly. Compared with the concentration of sediment soil, the maximum concentration of the As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn was higher 2.6, 2.6, 25, non-detect, and 15 times in leaf. Also those concentration have 9.6, 16.6, 25, 1.6, and 25 times in root. As the results, the author can know the sediment has a very relative to vegetation in mine drainage. because, the increasing of concentration of heavy metal in sediment gives the more accumulative concentration of heavy metal in vegetation. Compared with the concentration of conta minated site and non-contaminated site. As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn the maximum concentration in sediment soil was higher 5.7, 258.1, 10.9, 370.0, and 298.3 times respectively. In case of vegetation, the maximum concentration of the As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn was higher 5.6, 62.3, 5.0, non-detect, and 30.6 times in leaf. Also those concentration have 8.5, 63.3, 2.6, 60.7, and 62.1 times in root. In this study, the author can surmise that there indicated a lot of adsorption with the heavy metal concentration in contaminated mine drainage.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.251-265
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• 2007

In this study, the influence of the construction of a large sized building on the flow and level of groundwater in a metropolitan area was investigated with simulation model MODFLOW for a selected area located in Gangseo-gu, Seoul, where a large business center was scheduled to be built. It was simulated that the groundwater level in the study area was suddenly lowered by the construction of a large building and groundwater in the surrounding area fast flowed into the study area. And even after the construction finished, the falling down of groundwater level consistently continued in some degree. The flow state of groundwater appeared to be the same in both cases where a soil cement wall is applied and where it is not during the construction. But for the case of application of a soil cement wall as the amount of groundwater flowing into the study site became reduced, it was estimated that the time for underground watershed getting far away from the site was also reduced and the influence of a building construction on the surrounding groundwater became reduced. Thus, it is deemed necessary that recharging the spilled ground water and rainfall into the construction area to lessen the abrupt change in flow and level of ground water should be considered in design of construction of a large sized building in a metropolitan area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 침출수를 비롯한 매립지의 각종 오염물질 배출로 수자원이 오염되어 피폭체의 피해가 빈발하는 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 매립지의 상대적 유해성을 평가하여 한정된 환경관리 예산의 합리적 배분을 위한 우선순위를 결정할 수 있는 의사결정 지원도구로서 LHR(Landfill Site Hazard Ranking)모형을 개발했다. LHR모형은 다요소의사결정(多要素意思決) 기법에 정성적 위해성(危害性) 평가기법을 접맥시켜 주관적 가중치를 모형에 반영한 가치내재화(價値內在化) 모형이다. LHR모형은 피폭체의 주요 피폭경로를 지하수 이동경로와 지표수 이동경로로 보았으며, 각 이동경로별로 누출 가능성, 폐기물 특성 및 피폭체 특성으로 요소범주를 3종류로 구분하여 폐기물의 독성이나 매립량같은 특성이 매립지의 수리지질학적 요소 및 자연지리적 요소에 의해 결정되는 오염물질의 누출 가능성을 통해 매립지 주변의 지역주민과 취약한 수생태계 같은 피폭체에 끼치는 매립지의 유해성을 상대적으로 평가했다. 그리고 LHR모형에서는 매립지 유해성을 공기 이동경로 및 사회경제적 측면에서도 평가하기 위해 매립지 이격거리별 토지이용 형태의 유해성을 평가했다. 그리고 각 평가요소별 가중치는 위계분석과정(位階分析過程)의 쌍대비교법(雙對比較法)에 의하여 할당했으며, 민감도 분석으로 LHR모형을 검증했다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.386-400
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• 2022

Seismic fragility analysis, a part of seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA), is commonly used to establish the relationship between a representative property of earthquakes and the failure probability of a structure, component, or system. Current guidelines on the SPRA of nuclear power plants (NPPs) used worldwide mainly reflect the earthquake characteristics of the western United States. However, different earthquake characteristics may have a significant impact on the seismic fragility of a structure. Given the concern, this study aimed to investigate the effects of earthquake characteristics on the seismic fragility of concrete containments housing the OPR-1000 reactor. Earthquake time histories were created from 30 ground motions (including those of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake) by spectral matching to the site-specific response spectrum of Hanbit nuclear power plants in South Korea. Fragility curves of the containment structure were determined under the linear response history analysis using a lumped-mass stick model and 30 ground motions, and were compared in terms of earthquake characteristics. The results showed that the median capacity and high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF) tended to highly depend on the sustained maximum acceleration (SMA), and increase when using the time histories which have lower SMA compared with the others.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.497-510
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• 2010

Considering to the geochemical behaviors and environmental changes of bottom sediments in streams, Gwangju metropolitan city, this study focuses to analyses on grain sizes, metal elements and organic carbons in sediment samples from Yeongsan and Hwangryong rivers, and Gwangju stream. In the sediments, contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, P and TOC were highly variable, in the case of Gwangju stream particularly. Yenogsan and Hwangryong rivers are influenced by grain sizes and surrounding geological settings and Gwangju stream is connected to organic matters related to life fouls and so forth, with respect to the geochemical behaviorof bottom sediments. Li, Zn, Pb and Cu were enriched in Yeongsan and Hwangryong rivers and Li, Cu, Zn, Pb and P enriched in Gwangju stream, respectively. In the heavy metal contamination of above drainages, the site mutually connected Seobang(GJ 4) with Donggye(GJ 7) streams shows the highest values, in peculiar. It is inferred that those contamination values are mainly related with urban foul waters in the city.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2012

Probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) for deriving ecological protective concentration (EPC) was previously suggested in USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Netherland. This study suggested the EPC of cadmium (Cd) based on the PERA to be suitable to Korean aquatic ecosystem. First, we collected reliable ecotoxicity data from reliable data without restriction and reliable data with restrictions. Next, we sorted the ecotoxicity data based on the site-specific locations, exposure duration, and water hardness. To correct toxicity by the water hardness, EU's hardness corrected algorithm was used with slope factor 0.89 and a benchmark of water hardness 100. EPC was calculated according to statistical extrapolation method (SEM), statistical extrapolation $method_{Acute\;to\;chronic\;ratio}$ ($SEM_{ACR}$), and assessment factor method (AFM). As a result, aquatic toxicity data of Cd were collected from 43 acute toxicity data (4 Actinopterygill, 29 Branchiopoda, 1 Polychaeta, 2 Bryozoa, 6 Chlorophyceae, 1 Chanophyceae) and 40 chronic toxicity data (2 Actinopterygill, 23 Branchiopoda, 9 Chlorophyceae, 6 Macrophytes). Because toxicity data of Cd belongs to 4 classes in taxonomical classification, acute and chronic EPC (11.07 ${\mu}g/l$ and 0.034 ${\mu}g/l$, respectively) was calculated according to SEM technique. These values were included in the range of international EPCs. This study would be useful to establish the ecological standard for the protection of aquatic ecosystem in Korea.