• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1075-1081
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• 2006

In this research, mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point sources and diffuse sources in urban area were measured. Water samples were taken at domestic sewer, combined sewer overflow, effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, urban river, and sediment of an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewer estimated by assuming the first order kinetics at $20^{\circ}C$ were as follows: total coliform = 0.092/day, fecal coliform = 0.185/day, E. coli = 0.252/day, and fecal streptococci = 0.281/day. Sensitivity of mortality rates of total coliform on temperature was estimated as $K_{temp}=K_{20}{\times}1.162^{(temp-20)}$ for the range of $10-20^{\circ}C$. Mortality rates due to sunlight were measured as 1.22-1.59/day while mortality rate due to settling for 40 min were estimated as $9.21{\times}10^3-20.0{\times}10^3/day$.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

Characterization of sediment quality is important for the proper management of surface water quality, yet sediment has not been monitored sufficiently. In this study, fecal indicator microorganism concentrations of sediments in the Geum River Basin were monitored. Sampling was carried out at one paddy field, one lakeshore and five monitoring stations in the lower reach of the Geum River Basin. Surface waters and sediments were sampled four times during rainy season. Total coliform concentrations of sediments were 12 times higher in average to those of surface waters while E. coli concentrations of sediments were six times higher. No correlation found between indicator microorganism concentration between surface waters and sediments.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.64-73
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• 2013

The application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to analyze the environmental impact to different swine waste treatment systems was investigated. The first part of LCA is to organize an inventory of parameters and emissions released due to the system under investigation. In the following step of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment, the inventory data were analyzed and aggregated in order to finally get one index representing the total environmental burden. For the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) the Eco-indicator 95 method has been chosen because this is well documented and regularly applied impact method. Two different swine waste treatment systems such as aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems were chosen as an example for the life cycle impact analysis. For establishing the parameters to be assessed the agricultural environmental effects to above swine waste treatment systems, it has been observed that there was high at T-P emission in anaerobic digestion system and $CO_2$ emission in aerobic digestion system. For Eco-indicator values per environmental effect for swine waste treatment systems related to one tonne of swine waste, it was shown that there was a negative index for global warm potential and soil acidification in aerobic digestion system, but relatively high positive index for eutrophication in anaerobic digestion system.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2016

Cheonggye-cheon is a partly restored urban stream located in central Seoul. We monitored fecal contamination using three different fecal indicators, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and E. coli, to assess differences in each indicator on days of varying weather conditions. Presumptive TC, FC and E. coli colonies were identified by their 16S rRNA sequences. The results showed that enumeration of E. coli provided a better reflection of fecal contamination of the stream than TC and FC. The main sources of contamination were the inflow of fecal-polluted groundwater from the vicinity of a subway line and two inflowing streams. The fecal contamination was worsened on days with heavy rain because untreated sewage from a collecting facility flowed into the stream. Moreover, growth potential of fecal indicator (E. coli) in situ induced by algal exudates was measured. Our results suggest that an appropriate standard based on E. coli rather than TC and FC should be established for improving water quality management strategies of Cheonggye-cheon in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2016

Ecosystems have functions of providing, supporting, regulating and cultural services. In particular, there is an increasing attention to the importance of regulating ecosystem services in carbon sequestration function, since it is closely related to the issue of climate change. In this study, to quantify benefits of climate regulating ecosystem services, the carbon storage was defined as an indicator. Nine major Korean ecosystems were classified and research papers on carbon storage were analyzed. The collected carbon storage data were categorized according to classified ecosystems, methodologies, and carbon storage components. For each category, the mean, standard error and coefficient of variation were calculated. The carbon storage indicator was highest in vegetation biomass of deciduous forest ecosystems. The uncertainty was also estimated by the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The estimations of the uncertainty differed by methodologies and carbon storage components. With exception of forest ecosystems, the limited number of studies were available which might have hindered to conduct accurate estimations. These findings indicate that there are needs for further clarification in the measurement standards by different ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.531-539
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• 2013

In order to apply a water quality indicator as a certain target pollutant, the indicator should have the representability of an index for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Scientific groundwork and treatment technologies also should be provided for the application of the indicator. This study analyzed the applicability of major water quality indicators for target pollutants. The results showed that four water quality indicators of TOC, T-N, SS & T-Coli can be considered as target pollutants besides existing BOD and T-P. These indicators can be applied with the preparations such as essential basic data, pollution load estimation framework as well as legal criteria setting when the need is raised. As the importance of TOC, which is considered as a replacement of BOD, is emphasized, technical and institutional terms are being prepared in order to determine TOC as another target pollutant in the near future. It could be considered to combine TOC with BOD for the time being during the $3^{rd}$ stage of TMDLs in view of the present conditions for the management of TOC. TOC can be the most effective index for the organic matter and help to be managed more systematically in the waterbodies where rivers and lakes are mutually connected.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-116
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• 2012

Green management is, as the response to climate changes emerges to a global issue, a concept which reduction of greenhouse gases, alternative energy development and other low-carbon green growth factors are added on the existing environmental management. Also as discussions on the performance measurement of firms' domestic and international green managements proliferate and the importance of understanding, analyzing and evaluating firms' environmental maintenance rises, variety forms of green management performance measurement indicators are being developed and practiced. However, specific implementation methodologies about green management have been lacking. Hence in this research, In order to have objective evaluations on firms' green managements through the proposed indicator, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and experts' survey on weight dependence were applied. Sustainability reports and other associated documents of ten major oil/ chemical corporations of in and out of the country were analyzed and corporations were evaluated and compared through weight differentiated indicator subsections.

• Proceedings of the Petrological Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.42-42
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.45-46
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.94-102
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• 2010

Carbon Neutral is one of the magnifying pan-governmental tasks which aim for stabilizing pan-global ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to estimates carbon neutral degree in cities by using capacity of carbon storage, which is carbon sinks, on forest and to develop an indicator that could be utilized in establishing policy related to climate change respond. When the carbon emitted from city has been absorbed or stored, the value of the indicator aiming to achieve carbon neutral could be drawn. The result and implication are as follows. First, while the annual amount of carbon emission in Gyeonggi S city was 18,787 thousand (tons), which was the highest, that of Gyeongbuk U city indicated the lowest with approximately 112 thousand (tons). Second, Gyeongbuk U city represented the largest capacity of annual carbon storage with about 16,748 thousand (tons), whereas the smallest figure was shown in Gyeonggi B city with 151 thousand (tons). Third, as result of the estimation of carbon neutral degree, the value of the indicator in Gyeonggi B city was 3% referring the lowest point, while that of other cities demonstrated over 100%. Forth, it has the possibility to suggest the fixed quantity when the plan for achieving carbon neutral of city is being processed. In the near future, after the completion of the construction projects of greenhouse gas inventory in all local governments, by utilizing the relative dates, the value of the indicator can be calculated and a more general conclusion could be drawn. Moreover, as expanding case studies to all domestic cities, generalness is in need.