• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4_spc
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• pp.775-785
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• 2024

Pork production is a significant agricultural enterprise in the United States and Canada. The United States is the third-largest global producer of pork and Canada ranks seventh in pork production. The North American Free Trade Agreement and its successor, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, have facilitated trade and integration between the two countries. The majority of production systems are modern and intensive, characterized by large vertically integrated farms using advanced technologies. Both nations benefit from their status as major producers of feed grains, with the United States leading in corn and soybeans, while Canada excels in canola and barley production. The regulatory frameworks for food safety, animal welfare, and environmental stewardship differ slightly, with the FDA and USDA overseeing these aspects in the United States, and Health Canada and the Canada Food Inspection Agency in Canada. The United States and Canada also have well-established distribution networks for pork products, relying on both domestic and international markets. Export markets play a crucial role, with the United States being a major importer of Canadian pigs, and both countries exploring opportunities in Asia. Despite a rise in global demand, domestic pork consumption trends differ, with per capita consumption remaining stable in the USA and declining in Canada. Changing consumer preferences, including a demand for ethically raised and locally sourced pork, may influence production practices. Future trends in pig production include a focus on consumer concerns, sustainability, disease prevention, reduction of antimicrobial use, and advancements in technology. The industry is adapting to challenges such as disease outbreaks and changing regulations, with a strong emphasis on animal welfare. Labor and workforce considerations, along with advancements in technology and automation, are expected to shape the efficiency of pork production in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2024

The 2023 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) revised the definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to broadly include a variety of etiologies. A new taxonomy, composed of etiotypes, aims to highlight the heterogeneity in causes and pathogenesis of COPD, allowing more personalized management strategies and emphasizing the need for targeted research to understand and manage COPD better. However, controversy arises with including some diseases under the umbrella term of COPD, as their clinical presentations and treatments differ from classical COPD, which is smoking-related. COPD due to infection (COPD-I) and COPD due to environmental exposure (COPD-P) are classifications within the new taxonomy. Some disease entities in these categories show distinct clinical features and may not benefit from conventional COPD treatments, raising questions about their classification as COPD subtypes. There is also controversy regarding whether bronchiectasis with airflow limitations should be classified as an etiotype of COPD. This article discusses controversial issues associated with the proposed etiotypes for COPD in terms of COPD-I, COPD-P, and bronchiectasis. While the updated COPD definition by GOLD 2023 is a major step towards recognizing the disease's complexity, it also raises questions about the classification of related respiratory conditions. This highlights the need for further research to improve our understanding and approach to COPD management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.52-69
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• 2016

The fishing port was once the foothold of production as well as the stronghold of communities but with the declining of the fishing industry, ports became abandoned space. Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has continued its effort to vitalize marine tourism since 2010. Shinyang Port in particular is designated as a Prearranged Marina Port Development Zone, and planning for the Jeju Ocean Marina City project is underway. Nevertheless, fishing port remodeling projects implemented on Jeju so far have focused only on civil engineering such as renovating old facilities. In addition, most Marina Port Development Projects have been irrelevant to local communities. Leading projects by the local government mostly suffer from a lack of funding, which results in the renovation of old facilities and improper maintenance, while private sector investment projects do not lead to benefit sharing with the community. Shinyang Port, also renovated in 2008, ended up with outer breakwater extension construction that neither solved the fundamental problem of the site nor gave benefits to residents. To arrange a way to solve problems for civil engineering focused development project, improper maintenance, and benefit sharing with community, first, this study proposes a development plan that connects with the outlying areas near the ports. The plan reflects existing topography, Jeju traditional stonewalls, narrow paths on the master plan and programs by reading the regional context. In this way, this paper suggests a space development plan reflecting the local landscape and characteristic factors. Second, it satisfies various needs by using existing and new Marine Tourism Resources. Third, it examines sustainable operation and management measures through residents' participation. The proposal is significant in two key ways: it is a fresh attempt at connecting the fishing port with its outlying areas from a landscape perspective; and it considers environmental, social, economic issues, and suggests participation for local communities. Thus, the model can be used in future fishing-port remodeling plans for revitalizing unused space, including invaluable traditional landscapes, and for boosting the marine-leisure industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.913-921
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• 2011

This study examined the overall feasibility of low carbon green village formed in rural area. The check method is analyzing its environmental and economic feasibility and energy self-reliance. The biomass of the villages was set as 28 ton/day of livestock feces and 2 ton/day of cut fruit tree branches which make up the total of 30 ton/day. The facility consisted of a bio gasfication facility using wet (livestock feces) biomass and combined heat power generator, composting facility and wood boiler using dry (cut fruit tree branches) biomass. When operating the system, 540,540 kWh/yr of electricity and 1,762 Gcal/yr of heat energy was produced. The region's electricity energy and heat energy self-reliance rate will be 100%. The economic feasibility was found as a loss of 140 million won where the facility installation cost is 5.04 billion won, operation cost is 485.09 million won and profit is 337.12 million won. There will be a loss of about 2.2 billion won in 15 years but in the environmental analysis, it was found that crude replacement effect is about 178 million won, greenhouse gas reduction effect is about 92 million won making up the total environmental benefit of 270 million won. This means, there will be a yearly profit of about 130 million won. In terms of its environmental and economic feasibility and energy self-reliance, this project seemed to be a feasible project in overall even if it manages to get help from the government or local government.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.257-287
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• 2008

Grounded in the prior literatures on acceptance and diffusion of IT and innovation in the level of organization research, 3 major constructional factors such as Motivation, IT resistance, and IT change management were investigated to suggest propositions from 15 multi-cases of PLM from 6 different companies in Automotive OEMs and suppliers, and we posited that the diffusion is continued only when motivation is stronger enough to overcome IT resistance as a fundamental finding and basis of this research on PLM acceptance and diffusion. The Motivation was found to be initiated and categorized from three different factors such as environmental factors, organizational factors, and technological factors, providing key propositions for further research: (1)The Automotive suppliers, contrary to OEM, are affected more by the demand of inter-connectivity as an environmental factor, while the other factors are similarly influencing to them, (2)The big organizations are influenced more by the champion, while the small organizations get influenced more by leader. (3)When the trend, inter-connectivity and complexity get stronger, the motivation gets more strongly influenced by the perceived benefit in the technological context. Regarding Change management we suggests IT change management is supportive to overcome IT resistance and also to enforce Motivation, and the critical mass exists differently according to the market maturity adopted, and more market matured technology has lower critical mass, implies less requirement of IT change management than less market matured technology.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2015

We systematically analyzed the Wetland Conservation Action Plan of Gyeongsangnam Province to evaluate conservation status in local government level. Project topics were categorized into 1) wetland infrastructure, 2) wetland conservation and wise use, 3) education and awareness, and 4) conservation framework. From 2010 to 2013, 42 projects (145 cases, 88,899 million won) were implemented by 14 affiliated organizations under Gyeongsangnam Provincial Government. The number of projects and budget size has been decreased over 4 years, besides most of main projects were continued. The budgets were largely used for wetland project of cities and counties. Development and implementation of various conservation projects may have considerable potential values in wetland conservation, while it is still difficult to assess their overall effectiveness in the society. Diverse wetland management practices in Gyeongsangnam Provincial Government have accumulated fundamental practices and knowledge for an effective local conservation. These administrative experiences will further benefit other local government to establish wetland management framework. To accelerate policy diffusion to other local governments, Gyeongsangnam Province needs to promote and share leading experiences and information of wetland conservation. Enhanced local government framework by the legislation at central government will further support country-level management plans and practices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2012

The majority of daily travel demands concentrate at particular time-periods, which causes the difficulties in the travel demand analysis and the corresponding benefit estimation. Thus, it is necessary to consider time-specific traffic characteristics to yield more reliable results. Traditionally, na$\ddot{i}$ve, heuristic, and statistical approaches have been applied to address the peak-hour ratio. In this study, a hybrid clustering model which is one of the statistical methods is applied to calculate the peak-hour ratio and its duration. The 2009 national 24-hour traffic data provided by the Korea institute of Construction Technology are used. The analysis is conducted dividing vehicle types into passenger cars and trucks. For the verification for the usefulness of the methodology, the toll collection system data by the Korea Express Corporation are collected. The result of the research shows lower errors during the off-peak hours and night times and increasing error ratios as the travel distance increases. Since the method proposed can reduce the arbitrariness of analysts and can accommodate the statistical significance test, the model could be considered as a more robust and stable methodology. It is hoped that the result of this paper could contribute to the enhancement of the reliability for the travel demand analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.268-272
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The mixtures of legumes and non legumes can be an efficient tool to combine the benefit of the single species in the cover crop practice. However, there is a lack of information on how the species proportion may affect N accumulation and how this can influence the nitrogen use of subsequent rice production. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study barley and hairy vetch was selected as a green manure. The pure stands or mixtures with different seeding ratios was tested on green manure N accumulation and its following rice cultivation. Total aboveground biomass and N accumulation of mixture were higher compared to that of pure barley and hairy vetch. Among the mixtures, the highest aboveground biomass (8.07 Mg/ha) and N accumulation (131 kg/ha) was observed in B75H25 (barley 75% + hairy vetch 25%). The N accumulation of the mixture ranged from 99 kg/ha to 131 kg/ha which was much higher than amount of recommended (90 kg/ha) for rice. All mixture (barley 75%+hairy vetch 25%, barley 50%+hairy vetch 50%, barley 25%+hairy vetch 50%) produced 7-8% more rice yield than the conventional cultivation (NPK). The rice yield of in barley monocrop was 4% less than that of NPK. COLCLUSION(S): Adopting mixtures of barley and hairy vetch could be efficient strategy for rice production as an alternative of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.28-39
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the rehabilitation measures and select appropriate tree species and rehabilitation methods for rehabilitating the rock desert areas in Guizhou, China. The study was carried out during the periods from 2003 to 2006 and results are as follows. Afforestation site is classified as a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland by soil type and rock desertification status. Total afforestation area of Xuiwen is 1,300ha and afforestation area of a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland are respectively 104.0ha (8.0%), 146.6ha (11.3%), 200.5ha (15.4%), 705.7ha (54.3%) and 143.2ha (11.0%). Planted tree species were selected by five site types. Robinia pseudoacacia, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus duclouxiana and Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis were planted in a dolomite sandstone hilly country and Choerospondias axillaris and Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in a halfstony hilly country. Cupressus duclouxiana, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Ilex kudincila, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum bodinieri were planted in a karst physiognomy. Cupressus duclouxiana, Toona sinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex kudincha. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Magnolia officinalis were planted in a rock desertification farmland. Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Juglans sinensis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Choerospondias axillaris, Prunus salicina and Diospyros Kaki was planted in an latent rock desertification farm land. Robinia pseudoacacia showed high survival rate in 2004 and 2005, but Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Cinnamomum camphora showed slightly low survival rate in 2004. Survival rate of planting species in 2005 was over 80% because some species which showed low survival in 2004 were changed with other species and a proper afforestation method was applied. Growth rate of tree species was evaluated by height and diameter growth rate. Cupressus duclouxiana showed a highest height growth rate in 2004. Toona sil1ensis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, and Cinnamomum camphora showed almost 100% height growth rate in 2005, although they showed a negative height growth rate in 2004. Robinia pseudoacacia showed a good growth rate in the rock desertification farmland and the halfstony hilly country so it could give a commercial benefit like honey as well as an afforestation effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2008

Probiotics are live organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on hosts. The administration of direct-fed microbials (DFM) such as lactobacilli and bacillus, may be a more direct approach to beneficially alter gastrointestinal microflora than altering dietary ingredients or supplementing with growth-promoting levels of antibiotics. It is apparent that microbes have an important influence on immune development and resistance to infection; that microbes are not static colonizers of our bodies, but are dynamic, symbiotic coresidents. And it can improve the surrounding environments; decrease the malodor caused by degrade the excrement. Recently, new paradigm such as environment protection and safe food have been settled. In domestic farm house, there is a great demand for probiotics as a substitute of antibiotics for the improvement of environmental quality and the production of a competitive goods. Probiotics circulated in a country have three categories: an animal medicine permitted by national veterinary research quarantine service (NVRQS), a support feed registered in city or country house, and not-registered goods. However, lots of unqualified goods were produced and circulated. And thus, it is in urgent need of evaluating the present situation and effect of probiotics. This study was conducted to evaluate the system of a probiotics as a livestock-environment improving agents for the alternation of antibiotics and quality control of it.