• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.395-405
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• 2015

We address the problem of uncooperative person recognition through continuous monitoring. Multiple modalities, such as face, height, clothes color, and voice, can be used when attempting to recognize a person. In general, not all modalities are available for a given frame; furthermore, only some modalities will be useful as some frames in a video sequence are of a quality that is too low to be able to recognize a person. We propose a method that makes use of stochastic information updates of temporal modalities and environment estimators to improve person recognition performance. The environment estimators provide information on whether a given modality is reliable enough to be used in a particular instance; such indicators mean that we can easily identify and eliminate meaningless data, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the method. Our proposed method was tested using movie clips acquired under an unconstrained environment that included a wide variation of scale and rotation; illumination changes; uncontrolled distances from a camera to users (varying from 0.5 m to 5 m); and natural views of the human body with various types of noise. In this real and challenging scenario, our proposed method resulted in an outstanding performance.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.297-302
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• 2010

It is very important to know mean and confidence interval of water-quality constituents such as BOD for water-quality control and management of rivers and reservoirs effectively. The mean and confidence interval of BOD at Anseong2 and Hwangguji3 sampling stations which are located at the border of local governments in Anseong Stream were estimated and analyzed in this paper using Bootstrap technique which is one of non-parametric statistics. The results of Bootstrap were compared with arithmetic mean, geometric mean, Biweight method mean as a point estimator and distribution mean came from the appropriate probability distribution of Log-normal. In Bootstrap technique 12 data set was randomly selected in each year and 1000 samples was produced to get parameter of population. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) of Microsoft Excel was utilized in Bootstrap. It was revealed that the Bootstrap technique can be used to explain more rigorously and robustly the achievement or violation of BOD target concentration in Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL).

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.747-754
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• 2003

An enhancement of the probabilistic data association filter is presented for tracking a single maneuvering target in clutter environment. The use of the variable dimensional structure leads the probabilistic data association filter to adjust to real motion of a target. The detection of the maneuver for the model switching is performed by the acceleration estimates taken from a bias estimator of the two stage Kalman filter. The proposed algorithm needs low computational power since it is implemented with a single filtering procedure. A simple Monte Carlo simulation was performed to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm and the IMMPDA filter.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2011

As climate change and environmental degradation become more evident, the public's concern and knowledge on sustainable development requires planners to have regards to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. The main objective of this study is to analyze existing sustainability assessment tools for single detached houses. The most widely used oversea tools are selected. From analysis on the existing assessment tools, "Impact Estimator" by Athena Institute, "Bees 4.0" by NIST, "CASBEE for Home" by JSBC, "Envest for Housing" by Energy Saving Trust, "LISA" by Center for Sustainable Technology, "SBTool" by iiSBE (International Initiative for Sustainable Built Environment), it can be seen that the current sustainability assessment programs are in need of much improvement. The selected programs are analyzed on scope of program setting & running, data input & output, assessment categories, and strength & weakness. This study is to supplement the existing sustainability assessment tools for single detached houses, and provide information for the development of web-based program to assist architects or home owners to plan sustainable houses in Korea in the schematic design stage.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-89
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• 2005

Two kinds of high resolution GCMs with the same spatial resolutions but with different schemes run by domestic and foreign agencies are used to clarify the usefulness and sensitivity of GCM for water resources applications for Korea. One is AMIP-II (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project-II) type GCM simulation results done by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and the other one is AMIP-I type GCM simulation results done by METRI (Korean Meteorological Research Institute). Observed mean areal precipitation, temperature, and discharge values on 7 major river basins were used for target variables. Monte Carlo simulation was used to establish the significance of the estimator values. Sensitivity analyses were done in accordance with the proposed ways. Through the various tests, discrimination condition is sensitive for the distribution of the data. Window size is sensitive for the data variation and the area of the basins. Discrimination abilities of each nodal value affects on the correct association. In addition to theses sensitivity analyses results, we also noticed some characteristics of each GCM. For Korean water resources, monthly and small window setting analyses are recommended using GCMs.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2015

In order to identify long-term trends of water quality parameters in Lake Kyeongpo, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator and linear regression were applied on data, with 15 parameters from three different sites and rainfall, monitored once in every two months from March to November during 1998~2013. Seasonal variation analysis only used Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Analysis result showed that salinity, transparency and nutrient variables (total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen) were only parameters having statistically significant trend. In linear regression analysis, salinity (surface and bottom layer of all sites) and transparency (only at site 1), were figured out with statistically significant increasing trend, while in non-parametric statistical method, salinity and transparency in all sites (surface, middle, deep) were figured out with statistically significant increasing trend. Water quality parameters showing statistically significant decreasing trends were dissolved oxygen (surface layer of site 1 and bottom layer of sites 2 and 3), total phosphorus (sites 1 and 2), dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in the linear regression analysis and, dissolved oxygen (bottom layer of all sites), total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in the non-parametric method. Seasonal trend analysis result showed that salinity, turbidity, transparency and suspended solids in spring, salinity, transparency, nitrate nitrogen and suspended solids in summer and temperature, salinity, transparency and suspended solids in fall were the variables depending on the season with increasing trends. In general, rainfall during the research period showed decreasing trend. The significant reduction trends of nutrients in Lake Kyeongpo were believed to be related to lagoon restoration and water management project run by Gangneung city and under-water wear removal, but further detailed studies are needed to know the exact causes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.850-853
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• 1999

Angus postweaning daily gain (PWDG) was analyzed to investigate effects of the heterogeneous variance and the genotypes by sex interaction on prediction of EBVs with data sets of various environmental levels. A whole data (16,239 records) was divided into six data sets according to averages of the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of herd environment. The results comparing prediction models showed that single-trait model is adequate for most of the data sets except for the data set of poor environment for both of the bulls and the heifers where the heterogeneity of variance and the genotypes by sex interaction exists. In the prediction with the data set of the low environment level, the bull's EBVs by single-trait models had high product moment correlations with male EBVs of the bulls by the multitrait model. Whereas the heifer's EBVs had moderate correlations with female EBVs by the multitrait model. This moderate correlation seems to be resulted by the heterogeneity of variance and low heritability of the heifer's PWDG. The prediction models with heterogeneity of variance had little effect on the prediction of EBVs for the data sets with moderate to high genetic correlations.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project started in 2009 and completed in early 2013 is a large-scale inter-ministry SOC project investing ₩22.2 $10^{12}$ and one of the Project's objectives was to enhance the water-quality grade through recovering the river eco-system and environment. The average concentration and probability distribution of water-quality constituents at given and selected sampling sites are very significant elements for analyzing and controlling the water-quality of rivers or reservoirs effectively. Average concentration can be estimated by point estimator, distribution function of water-quality constituents or Bootstrap method, in which the distribution function estimated with more data in case of insufficient dataset, is applied. Ipo and Gangcheon water-quality monitoring stations in South Han River were selected to compare and analyze the variation of concentration before and after Ipo and Gangcheon Weirs construction, using the whole 4-year's data, from 2005 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2017. Water-quality constituents such as BOD and COD relating to oxygen demanding wastes and TP and Chlorophyll-a relating to the process of nutrient enrichment called eutrophication were also selected. The guidelines for water-quality control and management after weir construction including evaluation of water-quality constituents' variations can be presented by this paper.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.263-276
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• 2021

This study examines the effect of international capital flows on corporate capital structures in Vietnam by analyzing panel data from all non-financial listed firms from 2005 to 2014 using pooled ordinary least square (OLS) with a variance estimator. The analysis includes a comparison of the signs and significance of the variable coefficients from the perking order and static trade-off theories to the empirical results to determine the optimum approach to the corporate capital structure given Vietnam's high-inflation environment. The results indicate that international capital flows have a positive relation to the debt ratio in the long term, and the relationship is more robust for 2005-2009 than for 2010-2014. Corporate capital structures adjusted to changes in the business environment in different sub-periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2014). When the economic environment became more favorable, the pecking order theory's predictive power increased, and that of trade-off theory lessened. Manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms required different capital structure decisions to fuel their operations and grow under foreign competition. The analysis demonstrates that firms should intensify their use of long-term debt relative to the availability of capital, which is an implication not only for firms in particular but also for industrial innovation overall.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.128-134
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• 2013

In the summer season (June~August) during the study period of Lake Doam, average concentrations of major water quality parameters, COD, SS, TN, and TP were 4.0, 16.2, 3.129 and $0.077mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, and Chl-a was $11.8mg\;m^{-3}$. The result has indicated that Lake Doam was a meso-eutrotrophic lake. Lake Doam data from the summer season (June~August), precipitation from 2001 to 2012, and water quality (COD, SS, TN, TP, Chl-a etc.) of seven years (2001, 2002, 2004 and 2009~2012), were statistically analyzed for long-term trends by Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator methods. The statistical results showed that precipitation, SD, COD, TN, $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$ and Chl-a had decreasing trends, and EC, turbidity, SS, TP and DIP had increasing trends. Suspended solids and total phosphorus were directly affected by precipitation. In the case of suspended solids, more aggressive and constructive plans need to be implemented than the current turbidity reduction project to achieve the targeted water quality ($5mg\;L^{-1}$ of SS) in Lake Doam. In particular, we need to specify a project that considers the steep topographic characteristics of high, land farming areas and precipitation conditions of the Lake Doam watershed, which can increase the efficiency of a turbidity reduction project.