• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.387-394
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• 2000

Water pollution characteristics were investigated in the Kyongan stream and major inlet parts of Paltang Reservoir from April to July, 2000. Water quality in the Kyongan stream was extremly deteriorated by treated wastewater discharge at near sewage wastewater treatment plant (SWTP) located in the upstream, and it is likely to influence eutrophication of the lower part of the stream. Water quality of the Kyongan stream showed a typical hypertrophic condition. Influxed concentrations with $NH_4$ and SRP into the main stream from SWTP were declined precipitously as water flowed toward the lower part of the stream, and chlorophyll- a explosively increased in the midstream. Average concentrations of $NH_4$, SRP and chlorophyll-a in the main stream were $1,343\;{\mu}g\;N/l$, $1,779\;{\mu}g\;P/l$ and $188\;{\mu}g\;l$, respectively. Particularly, phosphorus load was very high, and its influence on the algal growth stimulation was remarkable. In comparison with the water quality inflowing into Paltang Resevoir, pollution status of the Kyongan stream was more worse than that in the Pukhan River and the Namhan River. The results of this study indicate that the management of point source, SWTP effluent, is urgent to mitigate eutrophication of Paltang Reservoir, and requires further necessary controls of inorganic phosphorus loading.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2020

We investigated the growth response and population regeneration of four halophyte species: Suaeda japonica, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima and Suaeda glauca, when climate change proceeds caused by increased CO₂ concentration and temperature. The plants collected from habitat in 2018 were transplanted into Wagner pots, and cultivated for two years in greenhouse divided into a control (ambient condition) and a treatment (elevated CO₂+elevated temperature). The shoot length of halophytes was measured in July of each year, and the population regeneration rate was measured in October 2019. The shoot lengths of S. japonica and S. glauca had no difference between control and treatment for two years. Those of S. europaea were longer in control than treatment for two years. Those of S. maritima had no difference between control and treatment in 2018 but were longer in control than treatment in 2019. In control, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca had no difference between years while those of S. maritima were longer in 2018 than in 2019. In treatment, those of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima were shorter in 2019 than 2018 but S. glauca had no difference between years. The regeneration rates of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca were lower treatment than control, and there was no difference in the regeneration rate of S. maritima. In conclusion, if climate change progresses caused by the increase of CO₂ concentration and temperature, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima will be shortened, and the regeneration rate of population will be increased only in the S. maritima.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2012

This paper was the result of investigation on fish fauna of natural estuary at Seomjin River, Korea. The total number of fish species collected in this study was 68 species belonging to 26 families. Dominant species in number was Acheilognathus majusculus (relative abundance: 37.4%), subdominant was Tribolodon hakonensis (10.5%). There were seven migrating fishes including Anguilla japonica and T. hakonensis. There were twenty Korean endemic species including Acheilognathus koreensis and Acheilognathus somjinensis. Thirty five species belonging to eight families were collected in upper part of river that dominant species was A. majusculus (38.2%). Thirty seven species were collected in lower part of river that dominant species was A. majusculus (48.5%). Thirty four species were collected in near estuary that dominant species was T. hakonensis (42.6%). In the comparison result of condition factor for several main species populations of Seomjin River were better than Nagdong River populations having estuary barrage. It was considered that almost fish populations of mid-to lower Seomjin River without estuary bank have stable life with natural environment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.823-839
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• 2012

Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) are playing pivotal role in monitoring the effect of environmental pollution on the ecosystem based on the retrospective analysis of the representative samples collected regularly and stored in cryogenic condition. In Korea, National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) was established in 2009 and the standard operating procedures (SOPs) for sampling, and cryogenic milling and storage had been prepared during 2007-2010. Since then, the tentative SOPs for the seven kinds of specimens (shoots of Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) and Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis), leaves of Mongolian Oak (Quercus mongolica) and Zelkova Tree (Zelkova serrata), eggs of Feral Pigeon (Columba livia var. domestica), muscles and organs of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Freshwater Bivalve (Unio (Nodularia) douglasiae)) have been put to test in the field and laboratory as well against the practicality and feasibility. The SOPs were improved by reflecting the findings from the research and the following discussion regarding the selection of specimen (Feral Pigeon suffering from a control management), sample size (a problem of decreasing number of sampling trees related to increasing sampling time) and period (a problem related to a bud growth), and sampling methods etc.. In addition, barcoding system for the management of the specimen information, and monitoring system of the cryogenic storage to regulate the optimum temperature and the liquid nitrogen level were also developed for the efficient and effective control of the samples. Lastly, the safety guide and emergency protocol were augmented to guarantee a safe work environment with the cryogenic facility. These improvements of the SOPs are expected to contribute to more stable operation of the NESB.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.179-195
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• 2004

The trophic state of the coastal waters of the southern part of Korea was assessed using biogeochemical data obtained from the National Marine Environmental Monitoring Program conducted by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute for six years. The trophic state of different areas, analyzed by non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, could divide the areas into three groups. Masan Bay, with suboxic water masses and/or the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus occurred, was assessed as being in a hypertrophic state. Ulsan Bay, Onsan Bay, Busan and Jinhae Bay, located near strong point sources, were in a eutrophic state. Other areas, including Tongyong, Yosu, Mokpo and Jeju island, were evaluated as being in a mesotrophic state. During 1997 to 2002, the average values of excess nitrogen, which is the difference between the measured dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and the corrected DIN using the Redfield ratio, were positive at Ulsan, Onsan, and Busan, where there were inflows from polluted rivers. In contrast, those were negative values in Haengam Bay, Gwangyang Bay and nearby Yosu. This suggests that the limiting element for phytoplankton growth differed among sites. The time series data of excess nitrogen showed gradual decrease over time in the hypertrophic waters, but the opposite trend in the mesotrophic waters. This indicated that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphate varied according to the trophic state of the coastal waters. The enrichment of organic matter in sediment in eutrophic waters would disturb the normal pattern of biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and phosphate. In order to assess the condition of the coastal environment, the benthic boundary layer should be considered.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.321-337
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for the prevention and control of adolescent back pain through analyzing connections between study environments and physical posture. The subjects were 960 male general high school students in the Chonju area and the data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire from Mar. 17 to Mar. 22, 1999. The collected data were analyzed by a frequency, chi-square and t-test using an SPSS program. The results are as follows; 1) The experience rate of back pain perceived by subjects was 67.5% and by each grade: 1st-27.5%, 2nd-35.4%, 3rd-37.1%. The relationship between grades and the experience of back pain didn't show any significant difference. 2) The causes of back pain perceived by subjects such as 'postures are not good' was 56.7%, 'sitting too much time in a chair' was 39.1%, and 'too severe exercise' was 32.4%. 27.8% had back pain first during the 3rd grade of middle school, and 23.9% had it first during the 1st grade of high school. 3) Intensity of subjects' back pain spread from 'moderate' at 49.6%, to 'severe' at 16.4%. Concerning the frequency of back pain, 58.6% said it was 'irregalar'. 4) Among interventions to deal with back pain: 'move by exercising my back or ask friends to beat my back' was 41.0%, 'just bear it' was 23.1%, and at home 'don't have 'any treatment' was ranked first, at 54.9%. 5) The relationship between subjects' general characteristics and back pain experiences: height (t=-1.99, P=.046), sitting/height (t=-2.61, P=.009), self-perceived condition of health (${\chi}^2=23.530$, P=.000), family history (${\chi}^2=43.903$, P=.000) showed significant difference, but the kinds of transportation, sleeping postures, sleeping method and smoking didn't show significant differences. 6) The relationship between subjects' learning environment and back pain experiences, the height of students' desk and chair showed significant difference (${\chi}^2=23.054$, P=.000), but the sitting time didn't show significant difference. 7) The relationship between the characteristics of subjects' physical postures and back pain experiences: standing postures (${\chi}^2=15.105$, P=.001), and sitting postures (${\chi}^2=20.264$X2, P=.001) showed significant difference, but lifting postures didn't show significant difference.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2005

Effluent of aquaculture industry has caused a growing concern regarding its environmental impact. We assessed the use of flounder farming sewage as supplement of diet, to minimize the impact of aquaculture on the environment or also establish the technique for the recycling of effluent sediment derived from land-based seawater fish farm. In order to investigate the effects of a fermented aquaculture waste on biochemical responses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), fermented products of aquaculture wastes were used as test compounds that cause hepatic and renal stress through the induction of oxidative stress in liver and kidney. Hepatosomatic index (HSI), glutathione content and glutathione dependent enzyme were not significantly different and no correlation was found within the different types of fermentation condition or supplement concentration, except for significant increases in 50% fermentation group and 50% concentration group in case of glutathione peroxidase activity and HSI value, respectively. These results showed addition of fermented aquaculture sewage may be an economic artificial sources of diet for fish aquaculture practices without affecting the function and safety in view of biochemical examination.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that influence prerequisite program (PRP) performance of hospital foodservice operation. Data was collected through surveys given to 65 dietitians working in general hospital with ${\geq}100beds$. Importance score of sanitary management for the self-operated establishments was significantly higher than that of contract-managed in the areas of working environment management (p<0.01), waste management (p<0.05), clean disinfection management (p<0.05). Performance score of hospitals with ${\leq}300beds$ was significantly lower than that of hospitals with ${\geq}300beds$ in personal hygiene management (p<0.05). Moreover, importance score of dietitians spending ${\geq}3hours$ on inspection time was significantly higher than that of dieticians spending ${\leq}3hr$ in waste management area. According to the results of Pearson correlation analysis, PRP performance score was positively related with dietitian's career (p<0.05), number of submitted beds (p<0.05), cooking process inspection time (p<0.05), dietitian's job satisfaction (p<0.01), and holding rate of utensil and equipment (p<0.05). In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that dietitian's job satisfaction (p<0.001) and holding rate of utensil and equipment (p<0.05) had a significant positive effect on prerequisite program performance. In conclusion, improvement of working condition to increase dietitian's job satisfaction and securing of utensils and equipments are high priorities for improvement of PRP performance.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2004

This simulation study investigated the characteristics of normal gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait. The knee flexion angles were restricted using a specially designed orthosis. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory of the National Rehabilitation Center. Fifteen healthy male subjects were recruited for the study. The purposes of this study were (1) to compare spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and kinetic variables in the sagittal plane among the different gait, (2) to investigate the secondary compensatory strategy, and (3) to suggest biomechanical physical therapy treatment methods. The pattern and magnitude observed in each condition were similar to those of normal gait, except the peak knee extension moment of the unrestricted ankle motion-crouch gait. However, the speed of the $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait was half that of a normal gait. The ankle joint moment in the crouch/equinus gait showed the double-bump pattern commonly observed in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and there was no significant difference in gait speed as compared with normal gait. The peak ankle plantar-flexor moment and ankle power generated during the terminal stance in the crouch/equinus conditions were reduced as compared with normal and $45^{\circ}$ crouch gaits (p<.05). The crouch/equinus gait at the ankle joint was an effective compensatory mechanism. Since ankle plantarflexion contracture can be exacerbated secondary to the ankle compensatory strategy in the crouch/equinus gait, it is necessary to increase the range of ankle dorsiflexion and the strength of plantarflexion simultaneously to decrease the abnormal biomechanical advantages of the ankle joint.