• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.320-328
• /
• 1974

It is unable to derive the standard emf ($E^{\circ}$) of the cell at high pressure from the conventional method. However, when the concept of the complete equilibrium constant($K{\circ})$) is available to the conventional Nernst equation, it is possible to get the standard emf of the cell at high pressure(complete Nernst equation). Moreover, the other thermodynamic properties, such as the net change of solvation number(k), the compressibility of solvent(${\beta}$), ionization constant(K), the standard free energy change(${\Delta}G^{\circ}$), the standard enthalpy change(${\Delta}H^{\circ}$) and the standard entropy change (${\Delta}S^{\circ}$) of the cell reaction at equilibrium state have been also obtained. In this experiment, the emf of the cell; 12.5 % Cd(Hg)│$CdSO_4(3.105{\times}10^{-3}M),\;Hg_2SO_4│Hg$ have bee measured at temperature from 20 to $35^{\circ}C$ and at pressures from 1 to 2500 atms. The emf of the cell increased with increasing pressure at constant temperature, and did with increasing temperature at constant pressure. The net change of solvation number(k) of the cell reaction was 41.96 at $25^{\circ}C$, and kept constant value with pressure, while, K and ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$ increased with pressure, but whereas ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ and ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$ decreased. Since the standard emf of the cell at high pressure can be calculated from the complete Nernst equation, the theory of chemical equilibrium could be developed with at high pressure as well as at the atmosphere.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2010

In clinical data minig, choosing the optimal subset of features is such important, not only to reduce the computational complexity but also to improve the usefulness of the model constructed from the given data. Moreover the threshold values (i.e., cut-off points) of selected features are used in a clinical decision criteria of experts for differential diagnosis of diseases. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy discretization approach, which is evaluated by measuring the degree of separation of redundant attribute values in overlapping region, based on spatial distribution of data with continuous attributes. The weighted average of the redundant attribute values is then used to determine the threshold value for each feature and rough set theory is utilized to select a subset of relevant features from the overall features. To verify the validity of the proposed method, we compared experimental results, which applied to classification problem using 668 patients with a chief complaint of dyspnea, based on three discretization methods (i.e., equal-width, equal-frequency, and entropy-based) and proposed discretization method. From the experimental results, we confirm that the discretization methods with fuzzy partition give better results in two evaluation measures, average classification accuracy and G-mean, than those with hard partition.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 2023

Given the limited water resources and the presence of multiple decision makers with different and usually conflicting objectives in the exploitation of water resources systems, especially dam's reservoirs; therefore, the decision to determine the optimal allocation of reservoir water among decision-makers and stakeholders is a difficult task. In this study, by combining a fuzzy VIKOR technique or fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (FMCDM) and the Young's bilateral bargaining model, a new method was developed to determine the optimal quantitative and qualitative water allocation of dam's reservoir water with the aim of increasing the utility of decision makers and stakeholders and reducing the conflicts among them. In this study, by identifying the stakeholders involved in the exploitation of the dam reservoir and determining their utility, the optimal points on trade-off curve with quantitative and qualitative objectives presented by Mojarabi et al. (2019) were ranked based on the quantitative and qualitative criteria, and economic, social and environmental factors using the fuzzy VIKOR technique. In the proposed method, the weights of the criteria were determined by each decision maker using the entropy method. The results of a fuzzy decision-making method demonstrated that the Young's bilateral bargaining model was developed to determine the point agreed between the decisions makers on the trade-off curve. In the proposed method, (a) the opinions of decision makers and stakeholders were considered according to different criteria in the exploitation of the dam reservoir, (b) because the decision makers considered the different factors in addition to quantitative and qualitative criteria, they were willing to participate in bargaining and reconsider their ideals, (c) due to the use of a fuzzy-logic based decision-making approach and considering different criteria, the utility of all decision makers was close to each other and the scope of bargaining became smaller, leading to an increase in the possibility of reaching an agreement in a shorter time period using game theory and (d) all qualitative judgments without considering explicitness of the decision makers were applied to the model using the fuzzy logic. The results of using the proposed method for the optimal exploitation of Iran's 15-Khordad dam reservoir over a 30-year period (1968-1997) showed the possibility of the agreement on the water allocation of the monthly total dissolved solids (TDS)=1,490 mg/L considering the different factors based on the opinions of decision makers and reducing conflicts among them.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.836-848
• /
• 2019

This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.