• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

This study was conducted to analyze the recognition of the validity of the design changes that classified the type of design changes that occurred in the Apartment Complex Landscaping Planting Construction that have been ordered in 'A' work. This research was also carried out for the purpose of presentation of the basic data in order to effectively manage the change order of landscape-planting construction's future work. The following conclusions were derived. First, the 7 types of change orders in planting design were delineated as 'design changes for image improvement', 'design changes due to the mismatch of design statement', 'design changes due to lack of field study', 'design changes for consideration of the user', 'design changes due to consideration of the workability', 'the design changes for ease of maintenance', and the 'design changes due to the relationship with the Engineering species of other.' Second, it is possible to produce a negative impact of all construction costs have increased due to design changes of landscaping planting construction is grasped. Third, There were the most frequent change order in planting design for the 'image improving', 'due to the mismatch of planting design to the site situation.' Fourth, the results of confirmatory targeting professional landscaping areas, was found that the statistics of the type of change landscaping planting construction design seven derived in this study is valid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic value of an urban landscape. The site of this study was Independence Park in Seoul. Before measuring economic valuation, an amount of view analysis was performed to learn the visual characteristics of the landscape. As a result, the green space ratio of the park is approximately 64%. This study estimates the intrinsic value of an urban landscape that might be included in housing prices using a hedonic price model. The hedonic price model is a statistical analysis that is often used to estimate intrinsic values of certain attributes of a product. The Box-Cox model was adopted as an analysis tool while the housing price for $3.3m^2$ was used as a dependent variable and housing and landscape features as independent variables. Results show that the value of the landscape of the Independence Park is approximately 2.2% of the housing market price. The Landscape variables of the park is the second most significant of the 8 variables. This shows that residents perceived the view of the urban landscape as one of the most significant factors in their living environment. The study also indicates that urban landscapes play important roles in improving quality of life and in influencing housing prices. The implication of the study can be said to be the potential of the urban landscape as a significant urban infrastructure. These results can be used to help make policy decisions to preserve and/or develop urban landscapes.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2017

In industrial site in various fields it will be generated in combination with large amounts of data have a correlation. It is able to collect a variety of data in types of industry process, but they are unable to integrate each other's association between each process. For the data of the existing industry, the set values of the molding condition table are input by the operator as an arbitrary value When a problem occurs in the work process. In this paper, design the fusion and analysis processing model of data collected for each industrial type, Prediction Case(Automobile Connect), a through for corporate earnings improvement and process manufacturing industries such as master data through standard molding condition table and the production history file comparison collected during the manufacturing process and reduced failure rate with a new molding condition table digitized by arbitrary value for worker, a new pattern analysis and reinterpreted for various malfunction factors and exceptions, increased productivity, process improvement, the cost savings. It can be designed in a variety of data analysis and model validation. In addition, to secure manufacturing process of objectivity, consistency and optimization by standard set values analyzed and verified and may be optimized to support the industry type, fits optimization(standard setting) techniques through various pattern types.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.585-592
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to determine if when chymopapain is loaded onto a nano-carrier, an injection of it reduces the spreading range of the drug within the discs. The materials for the experiment, which were conducted for three weeks, included fifteen intervertebral discs taken from two cadavers, which were divided according to the types of injected chymopapain solutions as follows: ordinary chymopapain group and nano-carrier system group. The nano-carrier system group was again divided into two subgroups according to the types of pluronics, the basic material for the nano-carriers: Pluronic F 127(DA-PF 127) in the nano-carrier group and Pluronic F 68(DA-PF 68) in the nano-carrier group. The results showed that the action of chymopapain using a pluronic-based nano-carrier system was localized around the center of the injection site instead of broad spreading, compared to that of the ordinary chymopapain group (p<0.01). This characteristic suggests a possible application to effective agents for minimally invasive spinal treatment through which disc lesions were removed selectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2018

To improve understanding of the physico-chemical characteristics of aerosols in the national park and comparing the air pollution between national park and the urban area nearby national park, the aerosol characterization study was conducted in Bukhansan National Park, Seoul, from July through September 2017. Semi-continuous measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ using PILS (Particle Into Liquid System) coupled with IC (Ion Chromatography) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) analyzer allowed quantification of concentrations of major ionic species($Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg{^{2+}}$ and $Ca{^{2+}}$) and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) with 30-minute time resolution. The total mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was measured by T640 (Teledyne) with 5-minute time resolution. The black carbon (BC) and ozone were measured with a minute time resolution. The timeline of aerosol chemical compositions reveals a strong influence from urban area (Seoul) at the site in Bukhansan National Park. Inorganic aerosol composition was observed to be dominated by ammoniated sulfate at most times with ranging from $0.1{\sim}32.6{\mu}g/m^3$ (6.5~76.1% of total mass of $PM_{2.5}$). The concentration of ammonium nitrate, a potential indicator of the presence of local source, ranged from below detection limits to $20{\mu}g/m^3$ and was observed to be highest during times of maximum local urban (Seoul) impact. The total mass of $PM_{2.5}$ in Bukhansan National Park was observed to be 10~23% lower than the total mass of $PM_{2.5}$ in urban area (Gireum-dong and Bulgwang-dong, Seoul). In general, ozone concentration in Bukhansan National Park was observed to be similar or higher than urban sites in Seoul, suggesting additional biogenic VOCs with $NO_x$ from vehicle emission were to be precursors for ozone formation in Bukhansan National Park.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.2 s.20
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• pp.47-59
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• 2004

The temperature variation of concrete pavement at early-age significantly affects the initiation and propagation of its early-age cracks. This implies that the measurement and analysis of early age temperature trend are necessary to examine the causes of early age cracks in the concrete pavement. In this study, it is investigated how the early age temperature trend in concrete pavement affects the random crack initiation and behaviors of saw-cut joints using the actual construction site which is located at the KHC test road. During 72 hours after placing the concrete pavement, the ambient air temperature and temperatures at the top, middle, and bottom in concrete pavement were measured and the random crack initiation in concrete slabs and early age behaviors in the joints were surveyed. The investigation results indicate that the first random crack was initiated at one of the slabs placed in the early morning which have higher temperature changes during early 72 hours. The movement of slab was influenced by the early-age crack in the joint. It suggested that the different occurrence time of the cracks in the joint had an influence on the behavior of the cracks. Besides, the slab constructed In the morning had higher possibility of crack initiation than that in the afternoon. The rarely occurred cracks had bigger gap than other cracks.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.44-57
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• 2008

In this study, a 2D finite-element analysis, using the SEEP/W program, was carried out to estimate the amount of groundwater flawing into a tunnel, as well as the groundwater tables around wetland areas during and after a tunnel excavation through rock mass. Four sites along the Wonhyo-tunnel in Cheonseong Mountain (Gyeongnam, Korea) were analysed, where the model damain of the tunnel included both wetland and fault zone. The anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivities of the rock mass was calculated using the DFN model, and then used as an input parameter for the cantinuum model. Parametric study on the influencing factors was perofrmed to minimize uncertainties in the hydraulic properties. Moreover, the volumetric water content and hydraulic conductivity functions were applied ta the model to reflect the ability of a medium ta store and transport water under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The conductivity of fault zone was assumed ta be $10^{-5}m/sec\;or\;10^{-6}m/sec$ and the conductivity of grouting zone was assumed as 1/10, 1/50 or 1/100 of the conductivity of rock mass. Totally $6{\sim}8$ cases of transient flow simulation were peformed at each site. The hydraulic conductivities of fault zone showed a significant influence on groundwater inflow when the fault zone crossed the tunnel. Also, groundwater table around wetland maintained in case that the hydraulic conductivity of grouting zone was reduced ta be less than 1/50 of the hydraulic conductivity of rock mass.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.3 s.49
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• pp.100-109
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• 2003

Recently, Indoor air quality(IAQ) in workplace, residential environments and schools has been concern of people, scientists and related the public. And so in Seoul has recognized the healthy effect related to IAQ in schools. Therefore, the objective of this study reported in this article were to measure and compare the perception of IAQ of selected air pollutants at three different schools in Seoul. We performed a questionnaire survey of 400 students about their awareness for the importance of IAQ in our school. And we measured the IAQ of 3 schools considering as site region, construction year and studying level. The indoor air pollutants and parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, respirable particulate matter(PM10), formaldehyde(HCHO), total bacteria counts(TBC), carbon dioxide(CO$_2$), and noise were monitored in indoors. In results, all most response of occupant has recognized the awareness of IAQ at schools. The PMIO, TBC and Noise level of all schools were higher than the standard of the public 150 ${mu}$g/m$^3$ and 500CFU/m$^3$, the level formaldehyde(HCHO) was below 0.1 ppm of the healthy guideline of Korea And the concentration of CO$_2$ were investigated below 1,000 ppm of the standard implying ventilation in 2 schools except for 1 school(c school). Finally, the control of most important pollutants of IAQ in school were PM10, TBC and Noise. Therefore, it can be concluded that the indoor air quality of selected 3 schools studied was perceived as acceptable, it is recommended that the government related IAQ was suggested the guideline and control of IAQ problems in schools, and all member relating school need to be effort to reduce the exposure of sources to undesirable indoor pollutants such as Particlate and Noise.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1989

When the flood occurs in the alluvial rivers, the rivers adjust to the flood by means of the mechanism of the river bed variations and its morphological changes to pass that safely, the numerical model was developed to simulate the process of the alluvial river bed variation due to flood wave and carried out by the flood routing for flood wave and the sediment routing for river bed variation. The flood wave, river bed variation, and bed material size distribution may be analysed and predicted by this model. The ability of this model to predict the process of river bed response was proved by the application to the reach from Paldang dam to Indogyo site. In view of the flood analysis considering the sediment process, the effects of river bed variation for the flood routing may be negligible because the river bed variation is smaller than the unsteady flow variation during the same period. By the application of this model, it is shown that, in occurring of sequential flood events, the variation of the river bed and bed material size distribution due to flood wave is more dependent on the first flood event than the latter flood events, and that the river bed variation in this reach of the downstream Han river is dependent on the degradation and the coarsening of bed materials.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Bacteria play an important role in biogeochemical cycles in marine environments and their functional attributes in ecosystems depend primarily on species composition. In this study, seasonal variation of bacterial diversity was investigated by pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA in surface sediment and overlying seawater collected in the south East Sea, planned for the site of $CO_2$ sequestration by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. Gammaproteobacteria was dominant in the sediment in most seasons, whereas Alphaproteobacteria was a most dominant group in the overlying water. Thus, the bacterial diversity greatly differ between sediment and seawater samples. On the genus level, bacterial diversity between two habitats was also different. However, the number of genera found over 5% were less than 10 in both habitats and the bacterial community was composed of a number of diverse minor or rare genera. Elevation of $CO_2$ concentration during a $CO_2$ storage process, could result in change of bacterial diversity. Thus, this study will be very useful to access the effect of $CO_2$ on bacterial diversity and to predict functional change of the ecosystem during the process of CCS project.