• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.343-357
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• 2018

Algorithm which can analyze the slope failure behavior utilizing the comprehensive information of the dense point of joint poles and the joint set orientations, both of which are obtained statistically, and the defect pattern of pole distribution has been developed. This method overcomes the potential incorrectness of the hemispheric projection method utilizing the joint set orientations only and also enhances the reliability of slope failure analysis. To this end a method capable of calculating the joint dispersion index directly from the joint pole distribution, instead of contour map, has been devised. The representative orientations for the slope failure analysis has been determined by considering the number and orientations of cone angle-dependent joint sets as well as the joint dispersion index. By engaging these representative orientations to the hemispheric projection analysis more reliable slope failure examination has been carried out. Sensitivity analysis for the potentially unstable slope of plane failure mode has been performed. Significance of joint strength index and the external seismic loading on the slope stability has been fully analyzed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2002

Physiological Cost Index (PCI) of walking has been widely used to predict oxygen consumption in healthy subjects or patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictability of physiological cost index of walking for the amount of exercise and cardiac function. Walking exercise was conducted in 67 healthy children (age 4-12) with a self-selected comfortable walking speed on the level surface. Walking speed was calculated, and heart rate was measured before and immediately after the walking. PCI was calculated for statistical analysis. The results were as follows; 1) The walking speed tends to increase and PCI of walking tends to decrease with age. There was significant difference in walking speed and PCI of walking among three age groups (p<.05). The change of walking heart rate tends to decrease with age, however, there was no significant difference among three age groups. 2) Linear regression equation between walking speed and age was 'Y (walking speed) = 2.124X (age) + 48.286' ($R^2$=.337), (p=.00). 3) The walking heart rate tends to decrease with age. Linear regression equation between walking heart rate and age was 'Y (walking heart rate) = 143.346 - 2.63X (age)' ($R^2$=.3425), (p=.00). 4) The walking heart rate decreased as body surface area (BSA) increased. Linear regression equation between walking heart rate and BSA was 'Y (walking heart rate) = 149.830 - 27.115X (BSA)' ($R^2$=.3066), (p=.00). In conclusion, these equations and PCI could be useful to quantify the variation of energy expenditure of children with pathological gait when compared with age-matched healthy children.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2747-2751
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• 2013

In this study we assessed the dietary phytochemical index in relation to the risk of breast cancer in women. This case-control study was conducted on 100 incident breast cancer cases and 175 healthy controls. Data regarding socio-demographic factors, medical history, medications, and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dietary data were obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a energy-adjusted dietary phytochemical index (PI) was calculated. The odds ratios of breast cancer were assessed across energyadjusted PI quartile categories. The mean age of participants was $46.2{\pm}8.9$ and $45.9{\pm}9.4$ years in cases and controls, respectively. The mean PI across quartile categories was $13.9{\pm}2.6$, $21.1{\pm}1.8$, $26.7{\pm}2.1$, $41.6{\pm}10.2$ in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively. After adjustment for all potential confounders, the risk of breast cancer in the forth quartile of dietary PI was significantly decreased (OR=0.08, 95%CI=0.01-0.84). Higher intake of phytochemical-rich foods is associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 1998

In order to represent the surface characteristics in local meteorological model, soil type, vegetation index, surface roughness length, surface albedo and leaf area index should be prescribed on the surface process parameterization. In this study, the $1^{\circ}/1^{\circ}leaf$ area index, surface roughness length, and snow free surface albedo and fine mesh NDVI with seasonal variation derived from the satellite observation were applied to the land surface process parameterization. From comparison between with and without satellite data in the interactions between biosphere and atmosphere, land and atmosphere, the sensitivity of the simulated heat, energy and water vapor fluxes, ground temperature, wind, canopy water content, specific humidity, and precipitation fields were investigated.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

PID control has been well used for several decades. For PID algorithms, some tuning methods are used for selecting PID parameters and with these selected parameters, PID control system is designed. But in some cases various kinds of performance indices are used instead of well-known tuning rules, and so variable type of performance index must be tested so that the designed control system meets the some specifications. For 2 DOF PID controller design this paper presents a linear combinational type of performance indices constituting of index for robust performance, which is obtained by h infinity norm of a weighted complementary sensitivity function, including other time domain indices such as error, energy and changing rate of control input. By numerical methods, the optimal 2 DOF PID parameters are obtained. Therefore various types of 2 degree of freedom PID controllers such as I-PD controller are used so that this two degree of freedom PID controllers may give more desirable output characteristics. Simulations are done with MATLAB m file and mdl files.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among Rohrer index, and nutritional intake and biochemical status. We examined physical status, dietary intakes, serum cholesterol, blood pressure and other biochemical of children in Taejon. Thin survey was carried out in October, 1995. The subjects were 362 children, aged from 6 to 11 years old. The results were summarized as follows. By Rohrer index, 4.5% of the subjects were lean, 70.2% were normal, 17.0% were overweight and 8.6% were obese. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the subjects were 111.73 and 69.88mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure of obese subjects(119.93mmHg) was higher than any other groups. Total cholesterol level was 160.87mg/dl, cholesterol levels in each group were not significantly different. Hemoglobin level of total subjects was 13.10mg/dl, especially hemoglobin levels of 11 year-old girls was lower than that of the same aged boys suggesting that the girls should be supplied with more protein, iron and other nutrients. Energy and protein intakes wee 86.6% and 94.5% of RDA, respectively. The nutrients above the RDA were only two, phosphorus and-vitamin C. The intakes of iron, zinc and vitamin A were lower than 50% of the RDA's. The levels of zinc and niacin were highest in obese group than any other groups. The subjects in overweight and obese groups had eaten more calories from snack and less calories from breakfast than other groups. Rohrer index was correlated with cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and creatinine levels.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the information effect about the pricing using the ETF price, the benchmark index, and the total tracking error between the ETF price and the benchmark index on the index ETF market and sector ETF markets. Furthermore, the total tracking error is distinguished between the market tracking error and the NAV tracking error. Summary of this study are as follows: First, While KODEX200 don't have impact factors on the price, the most sectors of ETF have the factors affecting the pricing decision. They are the day before the total tracking error or market tracking error. Second, for the ETF price of the most industry, we find that the day before the market tracking error have the price discovery function because it is a negative(-) coefficients. But NAV tracking error could not find such a feature. Finally, the sector ETF price of energy chemical, construction, IT, and semiconductor industries affected of the day before positive(+) impact by the benchmark index price.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2003

The reflectance spectrum of optical films thicker than a few microns shows an intensity oscillation due to interference. Since the spectral period of the oscillation is inversely related to film thickness, the thickness of an optical film can be determined from the spectral frequency of the oscillation. For rapid data processing, the spectral frequency is obtained by use of a Fast Fourier Transformation technique. The conventional method of applying a Fast Fourier Transformation to the reflectance spectrum versus photon energy is modified so as to clear the ambiguity in choosing the proper effective refractive index value and to prevent the broadening of the Fourier transformed peak due to the refractive index dispersion. This technique of modified Fast Fourier Transformation is suggested by the authors for the first time to their knowledge. From the analysis of the calculated reflectance spectrum of a 30-${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick dielectric film. it is shown to improve the accuracy in determining film thickness by a great amount. The improved accuracy of the modified Fast Fourier Transformation is also confirmed from the analysis of the reflectance spectra of a sample with 80-${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick cover layer and 13-${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick spacer layer on a PC substrate.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.675-687
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• 2023

The border area between the South and North Korea is considered a stage for promoting Green Détent through the transformation of the Demilitarized Zone into the Green Peace Zone. This paper proposes 'Prosuming-index' composed of items to evaluate the multi-layered nature of industrial and infrastructure projects in the ecological and environmental fields planned in the border area. Based on the prosuming-index, we derived the following four types of potential for Green Detent practice in the border area-first, the Incheon and Ganghwa regions as 'a logistics/human network and agricultural/fishery production area', second, the northern Gyeonggi region as a 'cooperative network area based on the smart technology industries', third, the western Gangwon and the parts of nothern Gyeonggi region, as 'a multiple prosumer's area based on carbon neutral technologies', lastly, the eastern Gangwon region, as 'a transition area from idle or aged infrastructure to green infrastructure through the renewable energy industries'.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.39-44
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• 2019

[Purpose] Weight loss can reduce obesity-induced arterial stiffening that is attributed to decreased inflammation. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) is a pro-inflammatory adipokine that is upregulated in obesity and is important in the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary modification on circulating ANGPTL2 levels and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men. [Methods] Twenty-two overweight and obese men (with mean age of 56 ± 2 years and body mass index of 28.6 ± 2.6 kg/m²) completed a 12-week dietary modification program. We measured the arterial compliance and β-stiffness index (as the indices of arterial stiffness) and serum ANGPTL2 levels before and after the program. [Results] After the 12-week dietary modification, body mass and daily energy intake were significantly reduced. Arterial compliance was significantly increased and β-stiffness index was significantly decreased after the 12-week dietary modification program. Serum ANGPTL2 levels were significantly decreased. Also, the changes in arterial compliance were negatively correlated with the changes in serum ANGPTL2 levels, whereas the changes in β-stiffness index were positively correlated with the changes in serum ANGPTL2 levels. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the decrease in circulating ANGPTL2 levels can be attributed to the dietary modification-induced reduction of arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men.