• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.739-746
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• 2001

To assess the nutrient intakes and diet quality of middle school students living in Kangneung area a dietary survey using th 3-day food record was conducted with 226 subjects. Mean daily energy intake was 2114$\pm$502 kcal with 61.6% of energy supplied by carbohydrate 16.4% by protein and 22.0% by fat. As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intakes the bioavailability of calcium and iron consumed is considered to low because most of them came from plant origins. For calcium iron vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$the proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA were all over 46%. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) an index of overall dietary quality was 0.70 for males and 0.73 for females. The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 4 nutrients; 0.48 of calcium 0.64 of iron 0.73 of vitamin A and 0.79 of vitamin B$_2$. Nutrient intake levels less than 75% of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intakes. Based on these results it is evident that some of middle school students in Kangneung area did not consume enough nutrients especially calcium iron and vitamin A.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop management guidelines and a procedure for an anthropometric suitability assessment of the main control room (MCR) in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Background: The condition of the MCR should be suitable for the work crews in NPPs. The suitability of the MCR depends closely on the anthropometric dimensions and ergonomic factors of the users. In particular, the MCR workspace design in NPPs is important due to the close relationship with operating crews and their work failures. Many documents and criteria have recommended that anthropometry dimensions and their studies are one of the foremost processes of the MCR design in NPPs. If these factors are not properly considered, users can feel burdened about their work and the human errors that might occur. Method: The procedure for the anthropometric suitability assessment consists of 5 phases: 1) selection of the anthropometric suitability evaluation dimensions, 2) establishment of a measurement method according to the evaluation dimensions, 3) establishment of criteria for suitability evaluation dimensions, 4) establishment of rating scale and improvement methods according to the evaluation dimensions, and 5) assessment of the final grade for evaluation dimensions. The management guidelines for an anthropometric suitability assessment were completed using 10 factors: 1) director, 2) subject, 3) evaluation period, 4) measurement method and criteria, 5) selection of equipment, 6) measurement and evaluation, 7) suitability evaluation, 8) data sharing, 9) data storage, and 10) management according to the suitability grade. Results: We propose a set of 17 anthropometric dimensions for the size, cognition/perception action/behavior, and their relationships with human errors regarding the MCR design variables through a case study. The 17 selected dimensions are height, sitting height, eye height from floor, eye height above seat, arm length, functional reach, extended functional reach, radius reach, visual field, peripheral perception, hyperopia/myopia/astigmatism, color blindness, auditory acuity, finger dexterity, hand function, body angle, and manual muscle test. We proposed criteria on these 17 anthropometric dimensions for a suitability evaluation and suggested an improvement method according to the evaluation dimensions. Conclusion: The results of this study can improve the human performance of the crew in an MCR. These management guidelines and a procedure for an anthropometric suitability assessment will be able to prevent human errors due to inadequate anthropometric dimensions. Application: The proposed set of anthropometric dimensions can be integrated into a managerial index for the anthropometric suitability of the operating crews for more careful countermeasures to human errors in NPPs.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The successional status and potential natural vegetation were examined in the natural deciduous forest in Mt. Chombong area. The examination was based on the subsequent process of generation replacement by understory saplings for the dominant canopy trees within 106 20mx20m square sample plots. The transition matrix model, which was modified from mathematical theory of Markov chain, was employed to analyze the successional status of the study forest. The model suggests that study forest is still seral, and it is considered to be more than 500 years away from the steady state or climax in terms of species composition. The simulations predict a remarkable decrease in the proportion of species composition of the present dominant Quercus mongolica and Kalopanax pictus from current 42.6% and 8.1% to less than 13.3% and 0.5%, respectively, at the steady state. On the contrary, the proportions of Abies holophylla, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum will increase at the steady state. The change of predicted composition ratio was generally coincide with the result of tolerance index to be compared with the study model. The hypothesis and sensitivity of the model were also discussed to evaluate the applicability to the real situation. The overall results indicated that the present dynamics of the forest must reflect the seral state due to previous disturbance mainly by human related interference.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-162
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• 2010

When eccentric or inclined load acts on foundation of the port & harbor structures, partial safety factors of bearing capacity limit state were estimated using reliability analysis. Current Korean technical standards of port and harbor structures recommend to estimate the geotechnical bearing capacity using the simplified Bishop method. In practice, however, simple method of comparing ground reaction resistance with allowable bearing capacity has been mostly used by design engineers. While the simple method gives just one number fixed but somewhat convenient, it could not consider the uncertainty of soil properties depending on site by site. Thus, in this paper, partial safety factors for each design variable were determined so that designers do perform reliability-based level 1 design for bearing capacity limit state. For these, reliability index and their sensitivities were gained throughout the first order reliability method(FORM), and the variability of the random variables was also considered. In order to verify partial safety factors determined here, a comparison with foreign design codes was carried out and were found to be reasonable in practical design.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2009

We performed a study on optical properties of $BaSm_2Ti_4O_{12}$ thin films by vacuum ultra violet spectroscopic ellipsometry in the $0.92{\sim}8.6\;eV$ energy range. For the analysis of the measured ellipsometric spectra, a 5-layer model was applied where optical property of the $BaSm_2Ti_4O_{12}$ layer was well represented by a Tauc-Lorentz dispersion function. Our analysis clearly showed new structure in high energy region at about 7.5 eV Consistent changes of refractive index & extinction coefficient of the $BaSm_2Ti_4O_{12}$ thin film by the growth and annealing temperatures were also confirmed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.556-567
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• 2019

As the number of skyscrapers in micro water grid units such as green building and smart building is increasing in the world, the green building certification system is being implemented to solve problems such as increased demand for water resources and energy. However, researches on the use of sustainable water resources like water reuse and water conservation through linkage and continuous use of water resources, while the power and energy sectors are actively conducting R&D projects in the green building certification system on the micro water grid level. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics and limitations of the water resources sector for the continuous utilization of multiple water sources in the green building certification system, due to the inadequate consideration of sustainability. Then investigates whether various water resources such as constants, nature, and alternative water resources are continuously used in and out of the green building or smart building and complex in the micro water grid unit to suggest evaluation methods and performance evaluation standards.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.710-721
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the body weight status (by WLI: Weight-Length Index) and dietary habits and to assess the nutritional status among preschool children in the Daegu area. Dietary habits including dietary attitude and behavior were investigated using questionnaire answered by mothers of 680 subjects aged 4 to 6 years old (508 completed). Also, dietary intake survey using 24-hour recall method was performed by mothers of the children. According to WLI, the underweight, normal, overweight and obesity level of subjects were 9.1, 62.0, 19.5, and 9.4%, respectively. As well, the number of girls was higher than boys in underweight, overweight, and obese group. There were significantly different on overeating, eating fast, and preferring eating-out by body weight status, and overweight group got higher score than underweight or normal-weight group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). As well, there was significantly different on not moving around during mealtime by body weight status, and underweight group have lower score than obese group (p < 0.001). From the 24-hour recall survey, it was found that intakes of all the nutrients were higher than the %KDRI except energy, calcium and folate. The energy intake of underweight group of 4~5-year old (1338.2 kcal) and 6-year old was lower than Koreans %DRI for those age group. Folate and dietary fiber intakes of obese group were significantly lower than underweight (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). For 4~5-year old, vitamin $B_6$ intakes of obese group were significantly higher than obese group (p < 0.05). For 6-year old, obese group showed that intake of vitamin $B_1$ was significantly higher than the other three groups, and intake of vitamin $B_1$ of overweight group was significantly higher than the other three groups. Taken together, these results indicate that there were significant differences in the nutrient intake level and dietary habits of preschool children by body weight status in Daegu area. Therefore, parents (family) and caregivers should be aware of the prevalence of obesity and nutritional status of preschool children, and start nutrition education as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.418-425
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between bone mineral density (BMD) and dietary and non-dietary factors in female college students. The BMD of the subjects (n = 38) was measured using DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) at lumbar spine and three femoral sites including femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter. Three-day 24-hour dietary recall data were collected from each subject to assess consumption levels of nutrients and food groups. The mean (${\pm}SD$) values of age, age of menarche, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass, and % body fat of the subjects were 21.34 (${\pm}1.73$) years, 13.1 (${\pm}1.2$) years, 161.3 (${\pm}5.0$) cm, 53.7 (${\pm}7.2$) kg, 20.6 (${\pm}2.6$) $kg/m^2$, 0.80 (${\pm}0.04$), 15.4 (${\pm}4.4$) kg, and 28.2 (${\pm}4.7$), respectively. The BMD values of lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter as T-value were $1.150{\pm}0.13\;g/cm^2$, $0.932{\pm}0.11\;g/cm^2$, $0.850{\pm}0.13\;g/cm^2$, and $0.721{\pm}0.10\;g/cm^2$, respectively. The daily mean energy intake of the subjects was 1660.6 kcal. The intake levels of carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid were lower than the KDRIs, while those of fat, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_6$ were higher than the KDRIs. Significantly negative correlation were detected between consumption of fat and oils and the BMD of all sites measured (p < 0.05). Potato and starch intake was negatively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck and word's triangle (p < 0.05). The intake of cereals was found to be negatively correlated to the BMD of ward's triangle (p v 0.05). There was also negative correlation of intake of soybeans and products with the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Weight and muscle mass were positively correlated to the BMD of both lumbar spine and femurs (p < 0.01). Significantly positive correlations between BMI, and fat mass and the BMD of lumbar spine were observed (p < 0.001). Additionally fat mass was positively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck. WHR and % body fat were positively correlated to the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was found between a serum calcium level and the BMD of femoral neck (p < 0.05). In summary non-dietary factors generally showed significant correlations with the BMD of lumbar spine, while several dietary factors showed significant correlations with the BMD of femurs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.233-246
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• 2009

The partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is critical in understanding the water cycle and the couplings between the cycles of energy, water, and carbon. In forests, the total ET measured above the canopy consists of T from both overstory and understory vegetation, and E from soil and the intercepted precipitation. To quantify their relative contributions, we have measured ET from the floors of deciduous and coniferous forests in Gwangneung using eddy covariance technique from 1 June 2008 to 31 May 2009. Due to smaller eddies that contribute to turbulent transfer near the ground, we performed a spectrum analysis and found that the errors associated with sensor separation were <10%. The annual sum of the understory ET was 59 mm (16% of total ET) in the deciduous forest and 43 mm (~7%) in the coniferous forest. Overall, the understory ET was not negligible except during the summer season when the plant area index was near its maximum. In both forest canopies, the decoupling factor ($\Omega$) was about ~0.15, indicating that the understory ET was controlled mainly by vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture content. The differences in the understory ET between the two forest canopies were due to different environmental conditions within the canopies, particularly the contrasting air humidity and soil water content. The non-negligible understory ET in the Gwangneung forests suggests that the dual source or multi-level models are required for the interpretation and modeling of surface exchange of mass and energy in these forests.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.89-94
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• 2008

Purpose: To observe the high temperature creep test and the fracture surface of the samples of 9% Ni alloy steel generally used for all kinds of mahine parts and predict the durability of that by determining a constant of C with a Larson-Miller variable. Methods: The equipment of this test was made into lever-beam style designed by Andrade and F. Garofalo et al.. The condition of creep test was set under 16 kinds of conditions after fixing 4 kinds of temperature condition and 4 kinds of stress condition to check how it effects the samples. Results: The temperature of creep test was increased, the stress index (n) of creep deformation was gradually decreased from 3.97 to 3.55. The activation energy of creep deformation was decreased from 90.39 to 83.64 kcal/mol when the stress was increased. A constant of C value by calculation of larson-Miller variable was about 22 and if temperature for use is suggested, the durability could be calculated. Conclusions: By analyzing the fracture phenomenon and suggesting the observation result of the fracture surface of the samples and creep test of 9% Ni alloy steel, the basic design data for the practical use of accessories in the field of equipment could be constructed and used to predict the durability of the equipment.