• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.496-502
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of surface-wave techniques for the evaluation of the crack-repairing performance of an epoxy injection method in concrete. In this study, box-shaped concrete specimens with four different crack depths were made with identical mix proportions. The specimens with different crack depths were completely repaired using the same epoxy injection method. The spectral energy transmission ratio of surface waves is used as an index to differentiate the effects of crack depth and crack-repairing performance. The decrease of spectral energy transmission ratio in accordance with the increase of crack depth was identified before repairing. Furthermore, the spectral energy transmission ratio increased after the crack-repairing process in all specimens. The spectral energy transmission ratio is considered as a great indicator for estimating the crack-repairing performance of the epoxy injection method; the ratio was recovered up to almost 95% of the uncracked condition.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.169-185
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of meal patterns among Koreans of different age groups. The study subjects consisted of preschool children (PC), elementary school children (EC), high school students (HS), college students (CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method from 1996-1998 and data were collected from 2392 subjects. The subjects over 30 years old were classified as 30∼49 years, 50∼69 years, and over 70 years. EC, HS, and CS groups consumed less than 20％ of their total energy intake from breakfast. PC and EC consumed over 30％ of their energy from snacks. In all age groups, the proportion of subjects who skipped a meal was highest for breakfast and lowest for dinner. Especially, 31.4％ of the CS group skipped breakfast. Breakfast and snacks provided higher quality meals than the others when each meal was assessed by the index of nutritional quality (INQ). Especially, lunch of the HS group, each meal of the EC group and subjects over 70 years of age had a lower diet quality than the others did. The major snack items for PC, EC, HS, and CS groups were milk, ice cream, and snack cakes, but those for subjects over 30 years of age were fruits. The PC group obtained 35.5％ of their energy from snacks, but the proportion of snack energy decreased with increasing age. PC and EC groups obtained a great proportion of calcium, vitamin B2, fat, and cholesterol intake from snacks. Snack foods provided 53.2％, 42.4％, 45.4％, and 24.6％ of those nutrients, respectively, for the PC group and 54.2％, 43.5％, 37.4％, and 26.8％, respectively, for the EC group. These results suggested that each age group had specific meal patterns. Especially, breakfast and snack intake seemed to complement overall diet quality. However, more intervention is needed to improve overall dietary nutrition, e.g., efforts to decrease fat and cholesterol proportion and increase breakfast consumption. These dietary characteristics among different age groups present foundation data for the development of methods to resolve the nutritional problems of each age group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1188-1193
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• 2005

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing management were adopted. First was a shed- $6{\times}3\;m^2$ structure with all the four sides of 1.8 m chain link fencing with a central height of 3 m. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets and with mud floorings. Second was an open corral- $6{\times}3\;m^2$ open space with all the four sides covered with 1.8 m chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep of native Malpura breed aged about 18 months (body weight 28 kg ewes; 35 kg rams) were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08.00 to 17.00 h during a yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed as per the systems (Shed and Open Corral). Dry and wet temperatures were recorded at 06.00 h and 21.00 h using a wet and dry bulb-thermometer both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that shed was always warmer compared to open corral. Rectal temperature (RT) of both the groups of sheep was similar during morning as well as evening throughout the seasons. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the skin temperature (ST) and respiration rate (RR) between the two groups at both the measurements in all the seasons. Highest energy expenditure (EE) was recorded inside the shed at 21.00 h (224 kJ/h) during monsoon and lowest at 6.00 h during winter (119 kJ/h). There was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the EE inside the shed and that in the open corral. It was concluded that housing had significant effects on the physiological responses and EE of sheep. Provision of housing at night was stressful during monsoon (with less rainfall) and summer, whereas it was protecting the sheep from acute cold during winter in a semi-arid region of India.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.272-283
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• 2007

This study was performed to delineate the relationship between lifestyle and nutritional risk factors associated with hypertension in representative middle-aged Korean population. Hypertension in this study is defined as hypertensive ($SBP{\geq}140mmHg\;or\;DBP{\geq}90mmHg$) adults without recognition of a disease state before a health exam. With data from the 1998 and 2001 National Health and Nutritional Survey, nutrient intakes of 6,112 adults, 40-64 years of age were calculated using food composition database and matched with health examination records by individual ID. After excluding those with extreme intake values, the number of final subjects included in the analysis was 5,200 (male 2,458, female 2,742). Using logistic regression method, socio-demographic data, lifestyle factors, and nutrient intakes were analyzed. Risky factors for hypertension revealed in this study were age, sex, BMI over 23, waist circumference, alcohol intake of more than 16g (male) or 8g (female). Regarding nutrient intakes, the intakes of highest quartile for energy (${\geq}2363.0kcal$) and protein (${\geq}90.2g$) were significantly associated with higher risk of hypertension after adjusting for age, sex, and other socio-demographic factors (OR=1.312(1.046-1.711), OR=1.488(1.194-1.854), respectively)). Although high intakes of sodium (${\geq}6604.0mg$) and phosphorus seemed to be risk factors of hypertension also before energy adjustment (OR=1.278(1.034-1.581), OR=1.280(1.024-1.600), respectively), only high intakes of energy and protein remained significant after adjustment. This study revealed that modifying risky lifestyles and dietary patterns, especially high energy intake, high protein intake, and high alcohol drinking, in middle-aged Korean adults could result in a prevalence decrease and/or prevention of hypertension.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 2014

We have investigated the combined pretreatment of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and water steam as a kenaf core pretreatment process. After each sample was exposed to electron beam dose ranging from 50 to 1,000 kGy, the irradiated sample was treated by water steam using an autoclave for 5-h at $120^{\circ}C$. The pretreated samples were characterized using FTIR-ATR and XRD. FTIR spectra and XRD analysis of nonpretreated and pretreated samples confirm that crystallinity changes were observed before and after the pretreatment. The crystallinity index (CrI) was increased from 50.6% for nonpretreated sample 55.0% for 500 kGy exposed sample. And then, we analyzed sugar yield that is the amount of produced mono-saccharides in pretreated sample by enzymatic hydrolysis; an enzyme activity rate was 70 FPU/mL and 40 CBU/mL, and the loading time was 24, 48 and 72-h. The highest sugar yield was 83.9% at 500 kGy after 72-h for enzymatic hydrolysis. The sugar yield of enzymatic hydrolysis for pretreatment samples was increased as doses are subsequently changed to 100, 200 and 300 kGy, allowing to give 50.8%, 58.6% and 67.9%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1315-1324
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different diet formulations: F1 (Two complicated basal diets containing different crude protein levels plus tested feedstuff) vs F2 (A simple corn soybean meal [SBM] basal diet plus tested feedstuff) combined with total collection (TC) or chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) marker or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) marker method, and freeze-dry or oven-dry (OD) technique on estimation of nutrient digestibility in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods: In F1, twelve barrows were allocated to two $6{\times}4$ Youden Squares. The treatment diets included a high protein basal (HPB) diet, a low protein basal (LPB) diet, a corn diet and a wheat bran (WB) diet formulated based on the HPB diet, and a SBM diet and a rapeseed meal (RSM) diet formulated based on the LPB diet. In F2, eight barrows were allocated to two $4{\times}4$ Latin Squares. The treatment diets included a corn basal diet, a SBM basal diet formulated based on the corn diet, and a WB diet and a RSM diet formulated based on the SBM diet. Results: Concentration of digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, ash, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre determined by $Cr_2O_3$ marker method were greater than those determined by TC and AIA marker methods in HPB, LPB, and RSM diets formulated by F1 and in corn diet formulated by F2 (p<0.05). The DE values in WB and both DE and ME values in SBM and RSM estimated using F1 were greater than those estimated using F2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From the accuracy aspect, the AIA marker or TC method combined with OD technique is recommended for determining the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.287-294
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a web-based internet program for nutritional assessment and diet management of patient having hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidermia were classified by hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The program consisted of four parts according to their functions and contents. The first part explained the metabolism of lipids and defined the hyperchotesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The second part is to assess the general health status such as body weight, obesity index, basal metabolic rate and total energy requirement by the input of age, sex, height, weight and degree of activity. This part also provides the Patient with menus lists and 1 day menu suitable to his weight, activity and the status of hyperlipidemia and offers the information for food selection, snacks, convenience foods, dine-out, behavioral modification, cooking methods, food exchange lists, and information on energy and nutrients of foods and drinks, and top 20 foods classified by nutrients. The third part is designed to investigate diet history of patient, that is, to find out his inappropriate dietary habit and give him some suggestions for appropriate dietary behavior. This part also offers on-line counseling and frequently asked Questions. The fourth part is evaluating their energy and nutrients intake by comparing with recommended dietary allowance for Koreans or standardized data for patient with hyperlipidemia. In this part, it is also analyzing energy and nutrients of food consumed by food group and meals, and evaluating the status of nutrient intake. These results are finally displayed as tabular forms and graphical forms on the computer screen.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2010

There are 11,811 LWR spent fuels stored at reactor sites, as of 2009. Source terms based on reference spent fuel which represents entire spent fuels with bounding values in the aspect of source term has been applied to a design of nuclear installations, instead of those which are generated by weighting respective source term for each spent fuel. Simplified regression models to estimate total decay heat, radioactivity, and ingestion hazard index for spent fuel from Westinghouse-type reactors were developed in this study, because it can be used as a fundamental model for weighting source term for respective spent fuel to exclude conservativeness in source terms. It was found that the estimated source terms agreed with calculated value from ORIGEN-ARP within 5%. It was also found that the conservativeness could be excluded if the weight source terms were used as reference source term in the design. Therefore, it is expected that the developed regression model could be widely used in the conceptual design process of nuclear facilities related with storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.3-9
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• 2018

Although Life Cycle Cost (LCC) must be evaluated by experts, sometimes it may not allow a sufficient time for even the experienced LCC expert to make rational decisions. Therefore, it often ends with relatively comparing the final numbers. We have broken down 110 technical proposals that are actually bade and accepted for large construction projects, and then have analyzed the uncertainty of Maintenance and Energy (M&E) cost during building life cycle, which turns out be the most volatile factor in uncertainty of LCC. Also we suggest "Value Engineering Index (VEI)" - the reduced M&E cost that is normalized by the reduced first cost. It is analyzed that the most uncertain factors of the M&E cost include repair and replacement term differing from each project, duplicated repair and replacement, non-standard repair items, and site-specific energy cost. Eventually we propose a VEI population with a mean of 1.38 and a standard deviation of 1.19, which is obtained by individually and exclusively applying the uncertain factors of the M&E cost to the 35 standard sample of technical proposals. The LCC evaluators may be able to use the VEI population as the benchmark to select the technical proposal with the most reasonable LCC among many others in two suggested manners; the one is to deterministically calculate the probability of single VEIs, and the other is to stochastically calculate the probability of the VEIs where uncertainty is quantified.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.109-115
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• 2019

Cervical dystonia (CD) is a disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent, involuntary muscle contractions which cause twisting, repetitive movements and abnormal postures. In this case report, a CD patients was treated with transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy and conventional Korean medicine, which consists of acupuncture, Chuna manual medicine, pharmacopuncture and herbal medicine. For outcome measures, this study evaluated Cobb's angle, EuroQol five dimension scale (EQ-5D), numerical rating scale (NRS), neck disabillity index (NDI) and cervical range of motion. As a result, improvements were found in Cobb's angle ($18.65^{\circ}$ to $15.90^{\circ}$), EQ-5D score (0.808 to 0.862), NRS (5 to 3), NDI (16 to 8) and angle of cervical lateral bending ($15^{\circ}$ to $25^{\circ}$). In conclusion, this study shows that combined therapy of conventional Korean medicine treatment and TECAR therapy can be effective for CD patients.