• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

The status and changes of water quality of national fishing harbors and designated ports in East Coast of Korea were analyzed to support establishment effective water environmental management. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) concentration was satisfied to designated water quality criteria in most areas, but TN (Total Nitrogen) and TP (Total Phosphorus) exceeded the criteria frequently. Also, peak concentration was summer in COD and SS (Suspended Solid), but winter in TP. Eutrophication index of Ganggu and Pohang (old) area were the highest. Pollution index by function of COD, TN, and TP of Ganggu, Pohang, Jumunjin, and Guryongpo was high with gradual increasing recently, on the contrary, that of Samcheok, Imwon, and Chuksan was decreased. Pollution index involving multi-indictors relation to organics and inorganics was necessary for water quality assessment. Designated water quality criteria needed to be improved because the criteria of Jukbyun and Chuksan was applied more strictly compared to the other regions although without difference of environmental characteristics. Furthermore, the criteria notified lately needed to be related to management pollutants from land-based sources. The continuous diagnosis and monitoring on sediment quality within the study area were necessary for prevention of water pollution and eco-friendly disposal of dredged sediment. Especially, monitoring of Designated Ports was implemented partially, however monitoring ratio of National Fishing Har-bors was 7% to whole part. Therefore, systematic and integrated environmental monitoring for ports and harbors with charge of national management was reestablished by strengthening and securing a legal basis.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

Purpose : To compare the radiation doses of prostate cancer patients according to changes in abdominal body shape and energy during Volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT). Materials and Methods : Seven patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in this study. VMAT treatment plan was established at 6, 10, and 15 MV while changing from -2.0 cm to 2 cm by 0.5 cm. Conformal index(CI), homogeneous index(HI), $D_{max}$, $D_{95%}$, $D_{50%}$ and $D_{2%}$ of PTV were examined in order to evaluate the change of dose in the target organ according to body shape change. Normal organ of the femoral head, rectum and bladder was analyzed to evaluate dose changes. Results : The dose of $D_{max}$ 6 MV in PTV increased to 107.2 % in 1.0 cm body shape reduction, and 10 MV and 15 MV dose increased to 107.1 % and 107.0 % in 1.5 cm body reduction, respectively. The dose of $D_{50%}$ 6 MV in PTV decreased to 99.64 % in 1.0 cm body shape increase, and in 10 MV and 15 MV dose decreased to 99.79 % and 99.97 % in 1.5 cm body increase, respectively. In 2.0 cm body type increase, the dose was decreased to 99.30 % and 99.52 %, respectively. Doses for rectum and bladder gradually increased with decreasing weight, and dose decreased with decreasing weight. 6 MV, and $V_{70Gy}$ at 10 MV increased from 11.50 % to 12.76 % when the external shape decreased by 2.0 cm. The bladder $V_{70Gy}$ also increased from 14.0 % to 15.2 %. It was also shown that the dose increased as the body weight decreased in the femoral head. Conclusion : In the treatment of VMAT, dose distribution can be changed according to the change of abdominal shape. SSD and CBCT were used to decrease the body shape by more than 1cm or more than 1.0 cm at 6 MV and the body shape by more than 1.5 cm or more than 1.5 cm at 10 MV or 15 MV. It is considered that a new treatment plan should be established through re-simulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.751-758
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of moisture content and screw speed on the physical properties of extruded soy protein isolate (SPI). Expansion index, water absorption index, texture, integrity index, color, and nitrogen solubility index of extruded SPI were analyzed to determine the relationship with extrusion conditions. Extrusion conditions were moisture content (40, 50, and 60%) at a fixed die temperature ($140^{\circ}C$) and screw speed (250 rpm). The other extrusion conditions were screw speed (150, 250, and 330 rpm) at a fixed moisture content (55%) and die temperature ($140^{\circ}C$). Specific mechanical energy (SME) input decreased as moisture content increased from 40 to 60%. However, SME input increased as screw speed increased from 150 to 330 rpm. Expansion ratio and piece density decreased as moisture content and screw speed increased, and specific length increased as moisture content and screw speed increased. The extruded SPI at 40% moisture content had higher water absorption index, texture, and color differences than those of the extruded SPI at other moisture contents (50 and 60%). however, the extruded SPI at 40% moisture content had lower integrity index and cutting strength than those of the extruded SPI at other moisture contents (50 and 60%). In conclusion, the physical properties of extruded SPI were more affected by moisture content than screw speed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2000

Purpose: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived blood-borne satiety factor that acts on its cognate leptin receptor in the hypothalamus, thereby regulating food intake and energy expenditure. We measured the leptin concentrations in serum of normal and obese children with human leptin ELISA kit, unlike previous study with leptin RIA kit and investigated the relationship between leptin concentrations and body mass index, gender, and age. Methods: We measured serum concentrations of leptin in 67 children who were visited to the Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital during the period of 5 months from February, 1999 to June, 1999. Height, weight, obesity index, and body mass index were measured in 67 subjects. Leptin values in serum were measured by sandwich ELISA method. Data analysis was done according to the obesity, body mass index, gender and age. Results: The mean concentration of leptin was $7.69{\pm}8.83\;ng/ml$ in normal children group and $36.34{\pm}18.57\;ng/ml$ in obese group. Serum leptin concentrations were significant correlation with the body mass index (p<0.01). Serum leptin concentration was significant higher in the group of over 10 years of age (p<0.01). Leptin levels showed no significant difference by gender. Conclusion: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in obesity group than in control one, and they were correlated with body mass index and age. Measurements of leptin value by sandwich ELISA method are very useful and easily applicable to determine obesity.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2003

This study investigated the correlation of the physical measurements and the basic physical fitness of 158 female students in the city of Seoul. The average age of the subjects was 22.0 ${\pm}$ 0.13 years old, the average height was 160.9 ${\pm}$ 0.7cm and the average weight was 53.4 ${\pm}$ 0.6kg. The mean BMI (Body Mass Index) was 20.7 ${\pm}$ 0.2kg/㎡. The average muscle mass was 36.5 ${\pm}$ 0.3 and the average body fat percentage was 28.0 ${\pm}$ 0.4%. The basic fitness levels of the subjects were measured based on the evaluation chart of the Korea Health and Science Research Institution (1994). The subjects were divided into 3 groups based on BMI(Group I : BMI < 20, Group II : 20 $\leq$ BMI < 25, Group III BMI $\geq$ 25) and the correlation between BMI and physical fitness was assessed. 1) The muscle strength of the subjects was measured by their grip strength, among other tests. Groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “su” (level 1) and group 3 was “woo” (level 2). 2) Endurance 1 was tested by push-ups, and while groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “su” (level 1), group 3 was “ga” (level 5). This result did not suggest any significant relevance among the subjects. 3) Endurance 2 was tested by sit-ups : groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “mi” (level 3) and group 3 as “yang” (level 4). Group 2 and group 3 showed a significant difference. 4) Instant power was tested by standing high jumps, and although there was a significant difference between group 1 and group 3, all of the subjects were evaluated as “ga” (level 5). 5) Flexibility was measured by how far the subjects could bend forward. There was no significant relevance between the groups and they were all respectively evaluated as “woo” (level 2). 6) Agility was tested with side-steps and all the subjects showed poor agility as “yang” (level 4). 7) Heart and lung endurance was tested by the step test, calculating the maximum oxygen intake with the Physical Energy Index (PEI) and using the numbers according to the evaluation chart. Group 1 was evaluated as “mi” (level 3) and groups 2 and 3 were “woo” (level 2). From these results, we could see the group III (obese group) had a tendency of lower levels in all the variables related to body fitness They showed significantly lower endurance assessed with time for sit-ups and instant power by the standing high jumps. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 29∼36, 2003)

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.20-34
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to establish modified physiological cost index (PCI) for predicting energy consumption by heart rate (HR) at isokinetic ergometer exercise testing. The subjects were twenty-eight healthy men in their twenties. All of them performed upper and lower extremity isokinetic ergometer exercise tests which had six loads (400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 kg-m/min) and five loads (400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 kg-m/min) respectively. The exercise sessions were finished when HR was in plateau. HR and oxygen consumption were determined during the final minute. Resting heart rate and oxygen consumption were used for calculating heart rate, oxygen consumption changes and modified PCI. Regression analysis established the relationship between each variable to work load, HR and oxygen consumption. The results were as follows: 1) In the lower extremity ergometer exercise test, oxygen consumption increased continuously as work load increased, but in the upper extremity ergometer test, oxygen consumption only increased until work load was 700 kg-m/min. 2) HR increased as work load increased in both exercise tests, but in the upper extremity ergometer test, HR decreased from the 700 kg-m/min. 3) The modified PCI increased as work load mcreased until the 700 kg-m/min point in the lower extremity ergometer test and until the 500 kg-m/min point in the upper extremity ergometer test when it started to decrease in both tests. 4) In the lower extremity ergometer exercise test, regression analysis established the relation as $dVO_2$ = -.0215HR - .2141 where $dVO_2$ is given in l/min and HR in beat/min ($R^2$ = .2677, p = .000). ln the upper extremity ergometer exercise test. regression analysis established the relation as $dVO_2$ = -.0115HR + .2746 ($R^2$ = .1308, p = .000). The results of this study were similar to previous studies but were different under high work load conditions. So modified PCI should be used with only low intensity work load testing. Subjects for upper extremity ergometer exercise testing should complete a prescribed training course prior to testing, and only low intensity work load should be used for safety considerations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-501
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary behavior, nutrient and food intake status and dietary quality based on nutrient and food group intake and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) according to breakfast eating status in female university students. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and 3-day dietary records for 181 female university students residing in Seoul, Gyunggi, and Gangwon. The subjects were divided into two groups by frequency of breakfast eating: skipping breakfast (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week, n=69) and eating breakfast (frequency of eating breakfast over five times/week, n=112). The skipping-breakfast group was significantly lower in its frequency of having lunch than that of the eating-breakfast group. There was no significant difference of energy intake between the two groups; however, the intake of carbohydrate, fiber, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, Ca and Fe in the skipping-breakfast group was significantly lower than those in the eating-breakfast group. There was no significant difference in Korean's Dietary Diversity Score (KDDS) between the skipping-breakfast group ($4.65{\pm}0.56$) and eating-breakfast group ($4.73{\pm}0.50$). The average DQI-I of the skippingbreakfast group ($56.96{\pm}9.04$) was significantly lower than that of the eating-breakfast group ($61.32{\pm}7.99$). In conclusion, female university students with a high frequency of skipping breakfast may have a lower diet quality and DQI-I score. Therefore, in support of proper dietary management, it is necessary to promote and support breakfast eating.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest the framework of functional assessment on lotic area based on HGM(Hydrogeomorphic) approach targeting Wetland Protected Areas which are in the type of river channel, and to set up the fundamental data as a reference wetland. A total of 10 factors in terms of hydrology, biogeochemistry, plant habitat and animal habitat was analyzed based on the original approach of HGM and each Functional Capacity Index(FCI) of those factors was calculated. As the result of the modified FCI analysis, Damyang riverine wetland which is with artificial river bank had high values in the variables of area ratio of actual vegetation in the foreland, the number of plant per area and the area ratio of Salix spp., and those values were highly reflected on the factors of Nutrient Cycling(947,668.00), Species Richness and Maintain Characteristic Plant Communites(6.39) and Maintain Spatial Structure of Habitat(11.00). The Hanbando wetland which is keeping the natural bank had higher values in the variables of structural scale and species diversity, and the those values were highly reflected on the factors of Energy Dissipation(17,805.16), Subsurface Storage of Water(0.54), Removal of Imported Elements and Compounds(103,052.73), Maintain Characteristic Detrital Biomass(2.31), Maintenance of Interspersion and Connectivity (6.50), Species Diversity of Benthic macro-invertebrates(1.60) and Species Diversity of Vertebrate & Species Number of Other Animals(2.52/ 151.50), compared to the Damyang Riverine Wetland.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.180-190
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) , index of nutritional quality (INQ) , the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) . In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1279-1285
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of green tea or coffee consumption on the serum lipids profiles. This study analyzed data of 1,343 participants (753 males and 590 females) among the people who underwent medical check-up. The subjects were divided by three groups as pattern of green tea or coffee consumption. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical analysis and nutrient intake using a food frequency questionnaire were performed. There were no significant differences among groups in height, % body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index. There was no significant difference among groups in energy intake. Fat intake was significantly higher in green tea and coffee group than the control group in men subjects. The intakes of dietary Fe, vitamin A, $\beta$-carotene, and folate was the lowest in coffee group (p<0.05). The intakes of dietary fat was the highest in coffee group in male subjects (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were green tea< control< coffee group in order by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in green tea group than coffee group by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol between green tea and control group. These results suggest that green tea consumption didn't show positive effects in preventing hyperlipidemia but coffee consumption showed negative effects in hyperlipidemia.