• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1999

Motivated by the need for developing the more efficient lighting system for light culture of strawberries in the greenhouse, this paper aims at acquiring and suggesting more concrete and scientific foundation of illuminating position, numbers of light source by investigating the types of lighting system and illumination distribution in the greenhouse for light culture of strawberries. The results of investigation and experiment are summarized as following below: 1. The types of lighting system used in the greenhouse producing strawberries were classified as 1 line and 2 lines lighting system. 2. As for the arranging types of artificial light, 2 lines lighting system, were classified as Z-type, N-type and W-type. (Refer Fig. 3) 3. The results of illumination distribution for Z-type, N-type and W-type of 2 lines illuminating system in the greenhouse with a small size tunnel measured at the height of 1.5m from the ground with 220V, 100W lamp in 6m light gap showed that maximum illuminance are 961x, 1211x, 1251x, minimum illuminance are 4.41x, 4.71x, average illuminance are 33.71x, 43.11x, 44.51x and standard deviations are 28.31x, 35.41x, 38.31x at each types. 4. Proportion of the area below optimal illuminance to floor area at the two lines illuminating system of Z-, N-, and W-type in greenhouse were appeared as 39.4%, 26.0% and 26.3%, respectively. Also proportion of the area over optimal illuminance to floor area at the two lines illuminating system of Z-, N-, W-type in greenhouse were appeared as 16.8%, 14% and 14.7%, respectively. Thus N-type was superior to the others from the view points of optimal illumination distribution and energy saving.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.77-86
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• 2007

The more demands on efficient utilization of resources, the more structural engineers prefer to select remodeling to improve old building's capacity. A series of four shear wall specimens were tested under constant axial stress and reversed cyclic lateral loading in order to evaluate the effect of the opening on the lower center of the wall induce by remodeling. Consequently, the existence of opening was verified to induce a different failure, which was caused by reduction of compression strut area formed on the wall to diagonal direction. Especially, the ultimate strength of the wall with an opening was revealed approximately 35% lower than that of the wall without an opening. And the similar results were appeared in characteristics of stiffness and energy dissipation capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2021

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate variability increased, the damage of aging chuteway slabs of spillway are on the rise. Accordingly, a wide array of field survey, hydraulic experiment and numerical simulation have been conducted to find the cause of damage on chuteway slabs. However, these studies generally reviewed the flow characteristics and distribution of pressure on chuteway slabs. Therefore the derivation of damage on chuteway slabs was relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking were assumed to be the causes of damage on chuteway slabs, and the phenomena were reproduced using 3D numerical models, FLOW-3D and COMSOL Multiphysics. In addition, the cavitation index was calculated and the von Mises stress by uplift pressure distribution was compared with tensile and bending strength of concrete to evaluate the possibility of cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking. As a result of numerical simulation on cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking under various flow conditions with complete opening gate, the cavitation index in the downstream of spillway was less than 0.3, and the von Mises stress on concrete was 4.6 to 5.0 MPa. When von Mises stress was compared with tensile and bending strength of concrete, the fatigue failure caused by continuous pressure fluctuation occurred on chuteway slabs. Therefore, the cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking caused by high speed flow were one of the main causes of damage to the chuteway slabs in spillway. However, this study has limitations in that the various shape conditions of damage(cavity and crack) and flow conditions were not considered and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) was not simulated. If these limitations are supplemented and reviewed, it is expected to derive more efficient utilization of the maintenance plan on spillway in the future.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.50-67
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• 1998

When recognition of the Ghi(氣) which exist in all things, is changed on the aspects of the science of nursing, the view of health and nursing will be more efficient and can be developed as the proper concept for Korean culture. I think it is nessary to confirm which philosophical basis of the will be applicable to nursing and how to it has to be developed. Therefore I can for the research of the Ghi phenomena to attain the Thoughts of philosophy that is appropriate to expound those phenomena. And I attempt to induct "the fusion of horizons" to unify the view of the I world between Korea and the West. The Ghi is very energetic and omnipresent among the universe, Nature, and the human being. So it can organize all the primary elements of mental and I physical function of human as like life, mind, breath, feeling, energy, etc. A general concept of the Ghi is described as follows ; (1) The Ghi is the origin and essence to organize the universe, Nature, and the human being. (2) It is the perpetually movable thing. (3) And there are continuous transmission between the Ghi of the universe and the human through 'body, mind, and soul. For review on the philosophic basis of the Ghi, I studied out the identity of the doctrine of Li and Ch'i(理氣論) in the field of philosophy of Korea and the West. In Korea, the concept of the Vigor is based on Ch'i monolism(기일원론) and Li Ch'i dualism (이기이원론) of Yul-gok Lee's, Toi-kye Lee's, Hwa-dam's, and/or Hekang's. These are indispensable for the view of the world of Korea as Metaphysical ideology, Concrete science, Materialism, Ontology, and Epistemology. From the viewpoint of the philosophy of the West, the doctrine of Li and Ch'i(이기론) of Korea is identical with the doctrine of Li and Ch'i(이기론) of Joo-ja, Idea of Plato, Metaphysics of Aristotle, World Spirit(Weltgeist) of Hegel, and Existentialism of Heidegger. In the nursing theory of the West, some of them referred to the Ghi as like Energy field theory of Rogers and Energy exchange of Neuman. Though there are different in terminology, "energy" and the "Ghi" are induced comparable therapeutic action between the human and the environments. With the nursing theory of Korea, I have made an attempt to compare the Ghi with metaparadigm of nursing-the human being, the environment, the health, and the nursing. For the most part, the alternative therapy is resonable to the frame of the nursing theory of Korea. It is easy to apply alternative therapy on the every spot of nursing. So this therapy could be a kind of forms as nursing therapy in the nursing centers where take the duties of supporting in local societies. In result, independent nursing intervention will be activated by the nurse who puts up with the major parts. It is available to apply this therapy to palliation of pain, insomnia of infant, Sanhujori (산후조리), pain of menstruation, arthritis. And the alternative therapy makes it possible to propose the nursing model which represent originality, tradition, and history of the nursing of Korea. Additionally, in the field of the nursing, it is indispensable to choose a suitable methodology which is considered whether it is matched with a theory of philosophy in the boundary and object of the research. Because there are many way to get the knowledge of nursing related to the Ghi. In the science of nursing, context of sociocultural background and frame are required to understand the person who need to take care of (nursing client). But the value systems of the West and the East are distinctive each other as well as the behavior of health persuance. Therefore it is the basic research data of great worth to review philosophical the Ghi phenomena which is well known to Korean.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

PC component allocation and loading plan can contribute to reductions in carbon dioxide emission and energy use of vehicles and total project costs with increased utilization of vehicle loading space. The study derived 18 considerations that PC construction plant managers and site managers take into account when they plan allocation and loading of PC components. Then, IPA (Importance and Performance Analysis) was performed to assess importance and performance of the 18 considerations. Results show that in the PC component allocation planning, considerations regarding the number of vehicles and existence of yard for storing PC components have not been taken into account well by the managers. In the PC component loading planning, PC component loading direction has not been reflected well by the managers although it is considered important by them. Recently, ill-planning issues of PC component transportation, such as inefficient use of vehicle space and loading with low stability, are frequent due to various types of PC components produced. In this context, if the results of this study are reflected in the development of component allocation and loading planning, vehicle management of PC projects would be more efficient, thereby leading to economic project management.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.525-536
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• 2009

The current residential process adheres to a traditional method of construction involving wood framing on-site on poured concrete foundations which has been widely applied in North America. A conventional residential construction process can include seventeen distinct stages ranging from stake-out to pre-occupancy inspection. The current practice possesses short comings including high construction material wastes, long scheduling timelines, adverse weather conditions, poor quality, low efficiencies and negative environmental impacts from transportation and equipment use. Over CAN $5 billion dollars was spent in the construction sector during 2007 in Canada. Previous findings in CO₂ emissions during the construction process of a conventional dwelling emphasize more than 45 tonnes of CO₂ emissions. Hence, in Alberta alone during 2007, almost 50,000 residential units would release more than two million tonnes of CO₂. These numbers demonstrate the economical and environmental impact in building construction and its relationship with CO₂ emissions. The aim of this paper is to quantify the CO₂ emissions from the current residential construction process in order to establish the baseline for CO₂ emission reduction opportunities. The quantification collection methodology will be approached by identifying the seventeen various stages of construction and quantifying the contributions of CO₂ from specific activities and their impacts of work for each stage. The approach of separating these into separate stages for collection will allow for independent opportunities for analysis from various independent contractors from the entire scope of work. The use of BIM will be implemented to efficiently quantify CO₂ emissions. Based on the CO₂ quantification baseline, emission reduction opportunities such as an industrialized construction process will be introduced that allows homebuilders to reduce the environmental and economical impact of home construction while enabling them to produce higher quality, more energy efficient homes in a safer and shorter period of time.