• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the localization of lipids and lipase activity with lipid staining and cytochemical technique in endosperm cells of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seed. In endosperm cells of indehiscent seed, protein bodies facing the umbiliform layer are different in electron density during the various degraded processes. Gradually, protein matrix near the cell wall was lysed and electron lucent inclusions appeared on umbiliform layer. The protein body with high electron density and the spherosome with low electron density were observed in endosperm cells. As a result of lipid staining, electron density of spherosome is more intense than those of the protein matrix within the protein body in endosperm cells of indehiscent seed. Free spherical spherosomes within the umbiliform layer have a high electron density. The spherical spherosomes were more electron densed and were uniform in comparison with the cytoplasmic proteinaceous granules in endosperm cells of seed with red seed coat. The major component of spherosome was determined to be lipid. Lipase activity occurs in the spherosome and near the endosperm cell wall facing the umbiliform layer. Cytochemical reaction products of lipase were observed in the spherosome membrane and in the inner regions of spherosome. After protein bodies were digested, lipase activities were observed in free spherosomes and near the cell wall of endosperm cells. Umbiliform layer composing of fibrillized wall and digested materials of the endosperm cell showed a little lipase reaction products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Structural changes of the endosperm of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer from fertilization to germination were investigated by light microscope. The endosperm of the ginseng seed is cellular type. Since endosperm cells adjacent embryo continuously breakdown and disappear with the elongation of embryo, the real of endosperm is gradually decreased. As the anatropous ovules of immature seed with green seed coat developes more and more, ovary cells adjacent ovary cavity become abundant by the periclinal division, their size is decreased, hypotrophy of cell wall discern, and they are gradually differentiated in seed coat. Though embryo responds strongly to basic dye at the stage of completion of endosperm formation, tissue of endosperm responds to acidic dye positively Cell wall of embryo and endosperm are composed of primary cell wall not lignified. Endosperm cells adjacent embryo begin to breakdown in the endosperm tissue of indehiscent seed before the beginning of the after-ripening. Dehiscent seed of which seed coat is opened through after-ripening represent the form as a seedling in the result of embryo developments with the formation of organs; radicle, cotyledon, plumule. Umbilifom layer represents strong positive response to the toluidine blue and the basic function. Umbiliform layer that endosperm cells breakdown and disappear is observed clearly at the periphery of the embryo cotylemon, while slightly at the periphery of the radicle.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1992

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)의 채종전 홍숙 종자로부터 채종 후 미개갑 종자까지 단계별 배발달에 따른 배유세포내 단백과립의 변화상을 확인하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 홍숙 초기단계의 종자의 배유세포에는 구형의 스페로솜이 산재하였으며, 액포내에는 저장 단백질이 축적되어 단백과립을 형성하였다. 홍숙 말기단계의 종자의 배유세포내 세포질은 대부분 스페로솜과 단백과립으로 충만하였고, 세포소기관은 거의 관찰할 수 없었으며, 단백과립은 전자밀도가 높은 무정형의 함유물을 가지고 있는 것과 균일한 단백질 기질로만 이루어져 있는 것 등으로 크게 구분되었다. 채종 후 후숙 처리를 하지 않은 미개갑 종자에서, 배유세포내 단백과립은 구상체(globoid), 단백질 결정체 등을 함유하고 있었고, 구상체는 다양한 형태의 전자밀도가 높은 물질을 가지고 있었다. 제형층은 배와 배유조직 사이에 위치하였으며, 이와 인접하여 배유세포벽의 분해양상과 셀루로우즈 미세섬유상이 관찰되었다. 제형층은 lipid body와 분해된 배유세포의 잔유물로 이루어져 있었다. 제형층과 인접한 배유세포의 단백과립은 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었고, 이로 인해 단백질 기질은 전자밀도가 점진적으로 낮아지는 결과를 얻었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1984

The endosperm cells and the umbiliform layer of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seed are studied with light and electron microscope. Differentiated mitochondria, ER cisternae, proplastids and ribosomes are characteristically observed in the endosperm cells of matured seed. The cell inclusions contain the protein bodies and the spherosomes. Protein body contains, in proteinaceous matrix, globoids and crystalloids. Particularly the crystalloids have the lattice structure, and the formation of globoids is closely related with ER. Umbiliform layer has the positive reaction on alcian blue (pH 2.5) and the metachromasis on the toluidine blue. The umbiliform layer is formed by autolysis of endosperm cells, and composed of the deformated cell wall and the lipoprotein bodies. Particularly a part of the lipoprotein body and the fibrilar network structure have the positive reaction on acid phosphatase.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2001

대두 발아종 오존수 처리에 의한 배유세포와 산성 인산호효소의 변화에 관해서 전자현미경으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 산성 인산화효소의 활성은 발달하고 있는 종자 배유의 여러 소기관에 나타났는데, 효소의 활성은 0.5 ppm 오존수를 처리한 후 12시간 배양중에 나타났다. 오존수를 처리한 후 배유가 분화함에 따라 산성 인산화효소의 반응산물은 액포내에 축적되는 것으로 나타나는데, 이것은 산성 인산화효소가 세포간 저장물질의 분해와 이동에 관여하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 1995

Vicilin and legumin, the storage Proteins of seed, were Purified from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) endosperm cells. They were immunized in rabbits, and antibodies were raised respectively. Using these two antibodies, double immunogold labeling of vicilin and legumin was carried out to determine the gap of synthetic time and the transport pattern of vicilin and legumin in the ginseng endosperm cells. Vicilin and legumin were synthesized at the same time at early embryo developmental stage. They were secreted from the Golgi bodies and accumulated into the small vacuoles. As the endosperm cells developed, vicilin and legumin localized in the small vacuoles were gradually transported toward the large central vacuole where they were stored. Protein bodies were derived from the vacuoles filled with proteins and distributed in the endosperm cells of mature red seed. Protein bodies were various in size from 1 to 8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in which vicilin and legumin were mixed each other. The number of small particles labeled on the vicilin was greater than that of large particles labeled on the legumin in the protein bodies indicating that the amount of vicilin is higher than that of legumin in the protein bodies.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

1. 배유세포의 세포질에는 핵, 미토콘드리아, 색소체, 소포체 및 액포가 관찰되었는데, 배유의 가수분해가 상당히 진전될 때까지도 이들 세포소기관은 남아있었다. 2. 대마의 배유세포내에는 $0.75-2.5{\mu}m$ 크기의 지질과립과 $3.0-7.5{\mu}m$ 크기의 단백질과립이 충만하였으며, 발아와 더불어 이들은 점차 소실되었는데, 단백질과립이 가장 먼저 분해되어 액포화하였다. 그러나 모든 단백질과립과 세포질의 분해가 진행되어도 지질과립은 잔존하였고, 세포벽 분해가 완전히 이루어진 후에야 비로서 분해되었다. 3. 형질막에 둘러싸인 단백질과립은 전자밀도가 매우 높은 중앙부와 이질적인 주변부로 이루어져 있었으며, globoid는 관찰되었으나 crystalloid는 관찰되지 않았다. 단백질과립의 분해양상은 주로 주변부의 단백기질로부터 분해되었으며, 중앙부에 과립상 형태의 분해 현상이 관찰되기도 하였다. 4. Cellulase의 활성은 세포벽 전반과 일부 세포질에서 나타났는데, 배 가까이의 배유세포벽과 일부 잔존한 단백질과립에서 특히 강한 활성이 관찰되었다. 5. Cellulase의 반응산물은 가수분해가 완료된 제형충의 분해된 섬유소원에서 작은 과립상으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.637-645
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• 1991

Physicochemical factors affecting cooking and eating quality of rice and their mechanisms were investigated. The stickiness of cooked rice was negatively correlated with amylose content(r=0.58, p<0.05) and protein content(r=-0.72, p<0.01), but not affected by crude fat content of rice. The ultrastructure of cooked rice grain showed the progressive gelatinization of starch from the periphery toward the center of the endosperm as water and heat energy diffused into. The rate of water diffusion appears to be dependent on the cell arrangement in the endosperm and the protein content of milled rice. Once water and heat reach the starch granules, the rate of in situ gelatinization of starches appears to be dependent on their own gelatinization temperature range and amylose content. Protein acts as a barrier for the swelling of starch and water diffusion in two ways : 1) by encasing starch granules in the starchy endosperm, and 2) by forming a barrier between the subaleurone layer and the starchy endosperm. Therefore, the separation and fragmentation of the outermost layers of the endosperm occurred more easily in the low-protein content rices, and was associated with increases of solids lost in cooking-water at 95$^{\circ}C$ and stickiness of cooked rice.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1992

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 종자의 개갑 직후로부터 발아 직전까지의 후숙과정에 있어서 저장물질의 분해와 연관된 배유의 미세구조 변화상을 광학 및 전자현미경을 이용하여 규명하였다. 종자의 후숙단계에서는 제형층과 인접한 배유세포의 단백과립은 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었고, 이로 인해 단백질 기질은 전자밀도가 점진적으로 낮아지는 결과를 얻었는바, 이 시기에 이미 배유의 분해가 시작되고 있음을 나타내는 것이라 할 수 있다. 개갑 이후의 종자에 있어서, 배유세포의 퇴행과정이 더욱 진행됨에 따라 단백과립에는 아직 분해가 이루어지지 않은 부분이 높은 전자밀도를 지닌채 무정형의 형태로 존재하고 있었다. 분해된 단백과립은 단백질 기질의 소실로 액포화되었으며, 이들은 점진적으로 융합과 함께 확장되었다. 퇴행과정과 더불어 스페로솜도 점진적으로 전자밀도가 낮아지면서 분해되었다. 딕티오솜 유래의 소포들은 제형층과 접한 배유세포벽과 인접하여 위치하였으며, 원형질막과 융합하였다. 배유세포이 분해 잔유물로 이루어진 제형층은 다량의 섬유상 물질, 분해가 진행중인 스페로솜, 그리고 toluidine blue와 basic fuchsin에 강한 염색상을 갖는 물질 등으로 이루어져 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the development of endoplasmic reticulum and the formation of Protein body in the endosperm cell during seed formation of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer with electron microscope. In the endosperm cell of early developmental process after pollination, vesicles that contain storage materials produced in rough endoplasmic reticulum incorporated into central vacuole. The central vacuole is gradually subdivided into several small-sized vacuoles and increased in number. Amorphous proteinaceous materials of high electron density are produced in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulum increase in number and surround the protein body and vesicles circularly. Spherical proteinaceous granules with limited membrane appeared from the amorphous granules at the peripheral region of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Gradually, storage materials are accumulated within the vacuole surrounded by spherosomes. Protein bodies are formed by interfusing between vacuoles and vesicles derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum which contained the amorphous protein of high electron density.