• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

In association with the international validation program to establish a rodent uterotrophic assay, we conducted preliminary uterotrophic assay proposed by GECD using immature female rats. In the present study, oral and subcutaneous routes were chosen to compare the effects of estrogenic com-pounds in the two dosing regimens. The reference compound ethinyl estradiol (EE) and the antagonist ZM189154(ZM) were administered by gavage or subcutaneously (s.c.) to immature female SD rats from 20 to 22 days of age. For each study, sixty-six female rats were randomly assigned to eleven groups: Untreated control, EE 0,0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0,3.0 and 10.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, EE 3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(gavage)/0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(s.c) & ZM 0.1 mg/kg, and EE 3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(gavage)/0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (s.c) & ZM 1.0 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, and necropsy findings in any groups of two studies. The wet and blotted uterus weights increased dose-dependently. Histopathological examination revealed that diameter of uterine duct, height of uterine luminal epithelium. and height oj vaginal epithelium increased dose-dependently. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactive cells were increased in number dose-dependently. The estrogenic effects observed in the present studies occurred at $\geq$ 0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of oral dose and $\geq$ 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of s.c. dose. An antagonistic effect of ZM against EE was found in both uterus weight and histopathological parameters. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that dose-dependence of the uterotrophic assay using EE and ZM was well demonstrated by gavage and subcutaneous administration and that the estrogenic effects of EE by s.c. dose were higher than those by gavage administration. In addition, blotted uterus weight was more sensitive than wet uterus weight and vaginal epithelial height was found to be the most sensitive parameter among the parameters examined.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.147-149
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• 2007

국내에서 분리한 백색부후균 기계충버섯(Irpex lacteus)과 아교버섯(Phlebia tremellosa)을 대상으로 유전자 도입을 위한 형질전환 방법을 확립하였다. 아교버섯의 정우 원형질체 생성 및 재생 방법을 이용하여 이핵체(dikaryon)로부터 일핵체(monokaryon: Pt05-2)를 얻어 실험에 사용하였다. 형질전환체의 선발을 위한 선택표지는 glutamine synthetase의 inhibitor인 phosphinothricin에 대하여 저항성을 부여하는 유전자(bar)를 사용하였고, 이 유전자를 가진 형질전환용 벡터, pBARGEM7-1 ($5\;{\mu}g$)과 제한효소 EcoRI (30 u)를 동시에 원형질체에 처리하는 제한효소매개 삽입방법을 사용하였다. 기계충버섯($5{\times}10^{7}\;cells$)및 아교버섯($2.5{\times}10^{7}\;cells$)의 원형질체를 대상으로 형질전환을 수행한 결과 벡터 $1\;{\mu}g$당 각각 형질전환체 50-70개 및 15-25개의 수율을 보였으며 형질전환용 벡터가 각 형질전환체에 안정되게 존재함을 확인하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.460-466
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• 2012

Perchlorate is used in a number of applications as an oxidizer in solid propellants, munitions and fireworks and is one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals, which interferes with iodide uptake into the thyroid gland. The purpose of this study was to investigate perchlorate occurrence and distribution with a results of analysis of 94 samples collected from military facilities in Korea from October 11 to October 23, 2011. Overall, among all of the 94 samples analyzed, perchlorate was detected in 6.4% of the total number of samples above $4{\mu}g/L$ (minimum reported limit) and the average concentration was $26.1{\mu}g/L$ and the maximum concentration was $107.7{\mu}g/L$ which was observed in surface water near manufacturing site of ammunition. By site classification, perchlorate was detected at one site in 4 manufacturing sites of ammunition and the maximum concentration was $107.7{\mu}g/L$ which was six times higher than that in guideline for perchlorate in Nakdong River and resulted from point source discharge. Perchlorate was detected at 3 sites in 78 measurements for shooting area and the maximum concentration was $12.4{\mu}g/L$ which was collected in dringking water and perchlorate in another sample was detected above MRL in shooting area was collected right away after shooting. These results showed that long term monitoring was needed considering weather conditions and shooting schedules.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

미세조류는 수환경으로 유입되는 독성물질의 배출기준을 설정하거나 환경영향을 평가하기 위한 환경변화의 잠재적 생물지표이다. 본 논문에서 해양 미세조류인 녹조류 Tetraselmis suecica, 규조류 Ditylum brightwellii, 와편모조류 Prorocentrum minimum에 대한 내분비 교란물질(EDCs) 비스페놀 A (BPA)와 Aroclor 1016의 영향을 평가하였다. 처리한 EDCs에 대하여 각각의 종은 매우 다른 민감도 차이를 보였다. 각 종에 대한 50% 영향농도($EC_{50}$)는 Aroclor 1016가 BPA보다 더 유해하였다. 실험에 사용한 미세조류중에서 규조류 D. birghtwellii(0.037 mg/L BPA과 0.002 mg/L Aroclor 1016)가 다른 종보다 매우 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과는 수서생태계에로 배출되는 기준 농도 이상의 EDCs가 해양 생물에게 유해 효과가 있다는 것을 제시해 준다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2003

Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) are known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with estrogenic activity in fish. This study compared the effects of BPA, NP and OP on in vitro vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes of the Chinese minnow Phoxinus oxycephalus. The VTG secreted into the culture medium was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which we developed in this study using an antibody prepared from homogenates of Chinese minnow egg. VTG synthesis was induced by estradiol-17$\beta$ ($E_2$) and phenols (BPA, NP and OP) treatment. $E_2$ at concentrations of 10$^{-6}$ M or higher increased VTG levels significantly (P < 0.05). Exposure to 10^5\;M\;BPA\;or\;10^-4$M NP and OPinduced in vitro VTG synthesis (P < 0.01). However, $10^-3$ M BPA, NP or OP did not induce VTG synthesis. These results suggest that SPA has the highest estrogenic potential in Chinese minnow hepatocytes. Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen, drastically blocked the production of VTG by phenols (BPA, NP and OP) suggesting that phenols (BPA, NP and OP) may act via binding to estrogen receptor (ER) in Chinese minnow hepatocytes.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2011

Measurement of estrogen concentration in bio-samples are very important for differential diagnosis of various disease or evaluation of health status. However, it is difficult to collect immediate data of estrogen concentration because they are measured by radioimmunoassay or chromatography which need time- and cost-consuming sample pre-treatment. This study was performed for development of new estrogen biosensor employing taste principles, and for evaluation of cross reactivity between various steroid hormones. Gene sequence of ligand binding domain of ${\alpha}$-human estrogen receptor (amino acid 302-553; hER-LBD) was cloned from human breast cancer cell line. The proteins of hER-LBD were produced by T7-E.coli expression system, and isolated by chromatography. hER-LBD were coated on the gold plated quartz crystal (AT-cut 9MHz), and resonance frequencies were measured by universal frequency counter. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and aldosterone were used for cross reactivity of the hER-LBD. We also monitored influences of pH change in resonance frequency. The resonance frequencies of hER-LBD coated quartz crystal were decreased during increase of estrogen concentration from $15 \;{\mu}g/mL$ to $50\;{\mu}g/mL$. However, similar steroid hormones, progesterone and aldosterone, did not elicit the change in resonance frequency. Testosterone evoke weak change in resonance frequency. The new estrogen biosensor was more sensitive in pH 7.2 than in pH 7.6. These results suggest that hER-LBD coated quartz crystal biosensor is a probable estrogen biosensor.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.215-225
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• 2006

사춘기 조숙증은 여아에서 8세 이전에 유방 발육이 있거나 남아에서 9세 이전에 고환이 4 mL 이상 커지는 것으로 정의되는데 최근 사춘기 발현 연령이 점차 낮아지고 있다. 사춘기를 시작하는 gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH)의 활성화에는 흥분성 및 억제성 아미노산, 성장인자, 전사조절인자, 아디포카인 등 많은 인자들이 복합적으로 작용한다. 특발성 사춘기 조숙증의 원인으로서 유전인자, 영양상태(특히 체지방 증가), 환경호르몬 노출 등 여러 가지 원인이 추정되고 있다. 사춘기 조숙증은 정서적 스트레스뿐 아니라 성장판의 조기폐쇄로 인한 저신장을 초래할 수 있다. 사춘기 조숙증은 진성 성조숙증과 가성 성조숙증으로 분류할 수 있으며 gonadotrophin이 활성화되는 진성 성조숙증에서는 적절한 시기에 GnRH 길항제를 치료하였을 때 사춘기 지연 및 최종 성인 신장을 호전시키는 것으로 보고되고 있으나 그 효과 및 장기적 부작용에 대해서는 좀더 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

생활하수, 공장폐수, 농경유출수에 의해 수생태계로 유입된 다양한 화학물질들은 수서곤충이나 어류와 같은 수생생물에게 나쁜 영향을 주곤 한다. 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀을 포함하는 많은 화학물질들이 내분비계 장애물질(EDCs)로 의심되고 있고, 그들은 환경속에서 서로 다른 혼합형태로 공존하기도 한다. 따라서 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀의 혼합물이 독성과 생식학적 반응에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 일본산 송사리의 수정란 치사율, 부화율 및 부화시간, 치어의 성장율 및 비텔로제닌 농도 등이 측정되었다. 수정된 지 24시간 이내의 수정란을 대조군, 양성대조군($17{\beta}-estradiol$), 그리고 서로 다른 농도의 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀의 혼합물에 부화 후 60일까지 유수식 조건하에 노출시켰다. 수정란${\sim}$치자어 단계에서는 대조군과 비교하여 실험군의 치사율 및 부화율, 부화시간에 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 부화 후 60일간의 노출 후 성장(길이, 무게)에 있어서도 비록 양성대조군에서 낮은 성장상태를 보였지만 다른 혼합물의 실험군들과는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편 체내 비텔로제닌 농도는 혼합물의 농도증가에 따라 증가하였으며 수컷의 경우 최저농도의 혼합물(Treatment A)을 제외한 실험군에서 농도증가에 따라 증가하였다. 반면 양성대조군의 경우 수컷이 발견되지 않았고 암컷 체내의 비텔로제닌 농도는 최고농도의 혼합물(Treatment D) 실험군과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 위 실험을 통해 각각의 내분비계 장애물질이 개별적으론 생식발달 및 비텔로제닌 유도에 무영향농도(NOEC)라 하더라도 혼합된 경우 영향이 나타날 수 있다는 것을 보여주었으며, 이는 수환경 내 다양한 화학물들의 혼합효과(combination effect)가 생태위해성평가를 좀더 면밀하게 하기 위해서 주의 깊게 고려되어야 한다고 제안한다.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2008

Bisphenol A (BPA)와 di-2-ethyhexyl phthalate (DEHP)는 내분비계 장애 물질로써, 분해되지 않고 인체의 지방 및 조직에 농축되며 인체 내에 독성을 가지고 있어 상당한 문제점을 안고 있는 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 GC/MSD를 이용하여 성조숙증 환아와 정상 대조군의 혈장 내 BPA와 DEHP의 농도 분포도를 비교 분석하여 그 상관성을 조사하였다. BPA의 경우, 성조숙증 환아가 정상 대조군에 비해 낮은 혈중 농도 분포도를 보였고, DEHP는 성조숙증 환아에서 대조군에 비해 높은 혈중 농도 분포도를 보였다. 우리나라 성조숙증 환아의 경우에 대한 이 두 물질의 혈중 농도 분포도를 비교 검토해 볼 때, BPA는 성조숙증에 연관성이 낮거나 또는 없으며 DEHP는 성조숙증에 어느 정도 연관이 있으며 혈중농도 분포도는 성조숙증 환아의 경우가 대조군 보다 45%정도 높게 나타났다.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.53.1-53.15
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• 2023

Background: Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure. Methods: We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ² test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13-1.84). Conclusion: The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.