• Title/Summary/Keyword: endocrine

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Developmental Programming by Perinatal Glucocorticoids

  • Hong, Jun Young
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.45 no.10
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    • pp.685-691
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    • 2022

  • Early-life environmental factors can have persistent effects on physiological functions by altering developmental procedures in various organisms. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies now further support the idea that developmental programming is also present in mammals, including humans, influencing long-term health. Although the mechanism of programming is still largely under investigation, the role of endocrine glucocorticoids in developmental programming is gaining interest. Studies found that perinatal glucocorticoids have a persistent effect on multiple functions of the body, including metabolic, behavioral, and immune functions, in adulthood. Several mechanisms have been proposed to play a role in long-term programming. In this review, recent findings on this topic are summarized and the potential biological rationale behind this phenomenon is discussed.

  • https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2022.0042 인용 PDF KSCI

Clinical Management of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors

  • In Kyung Yoo;Bora Keum
    • Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.21-25
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    • 2015

  • Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs, also known as gastric carcinoids) are rare form of hormone-secreting neoplasms that present with varied clinical syndromes. There are four types of GNETs based on size, proliferation, localization, differentiation, and hormone production. Type I GNET is related to autoimmune atrophic gastritis and hypergastrinemia. Type II GNETs are related to multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)-1, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and hypergastrinemia. Type 3 GNETs are not associated with any background pathology, and type 4 GNETs are poorly differentiated tumors. The most useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for gastrointestinal NETs is plasma chromogranin A (CgA) levels. Endoscopic ultrasound is the method of choice to determine tumor size and depth of infiltration. For optimal management, the type, biology, and stage of the tumor must be considered. Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of GNETs.

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Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome: Review in the Era of COVID-19

  • Behnaz Abiri;Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi;Mahdi Hejazi;Shirin Amini
    • Clinical Nutrition Research
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.331-346
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    • 2022

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now at pandemic levels leading to considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. Patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are mainly susceptible and more probably to get severe side effects when affected by this virus. The pathophysiologic mechanisms for these notions have not been completely known. The pro-inflammatory milieu observed in patients with metabolic disruption could lead to COVID-19-mediated host immune dysregulation, such as immune dysfunction, severe inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and thrombosis. The present review expresses the current knowledge regarding the influence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and MetS on COVID-19 infection and severity, and their pathophysiological mechanisms.

  • https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2022.11.4.331 인용 PDF