• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1490-1495
• /
• 2013

Texture and 'tenderness' in particular, is an important sensory characteristic for consumers' satisfaction of beef. Objective and detailed sensory measurements of beef texture have been needed for the evaluation and management of beef quality. This study aimed to apply the sensory scales defined in ISO11036:1994 to evaluate the texture of beef. Longissimus and Semitendinosus muscles of three Holstein steers cooked to end-point temperatures of $60^{\circ}C$ and $72^{\circ}C$ were subjected to sensory analyses by a sensory panel with expertise regarding the ISO11036 scales. For the sensory analysis, standard scales of 'chewiness' (9-points) and 'hardness' (7-points) were presented to the sensory panel with reference materials defined in ISO11036. As a result, both 'chewiness' and 'hardness' assessed according to the ISO11036 scales increased by increasing the cooking end-point temperature, and were different between Longissimus and Semitendinosus muscles. The sensory results were in good agreement with instrumental texture measurements. However, both texture ratings in this study were in a narrower range than the full ISO scales. For beef texture, ISO11036 scales for 'chewiness' and 'hardness' are useful for basic studies, but some alterations are needed for practical evaluation of muscle foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.157-160
• /
• 1991

Copper constantan thermocouples connecting to a recording potentiometer were inserted at the center of the patties and the samples were fried. In general, the internal temperature of the patty samples increased approximately $11.1^{\circ}C$ after the samples were removed from the fryer. The desired internal temperature and maximum internal end-point temperature, at different frying temperatures, can be obtained by adjusting the frying time. The yields of the patties decreased as maximum internal end-point temperature increased or as frying time increased. The internal temperature and maximum internal end-point temperature of the patty samples at three frying temperatures were predicted using polynominal regression of a third-order model with one independent variable, frying time. Polynominal regression of a second-order model with maximum internal end-point temperature as the independent variable was used to predict frying yields at three frying temperatures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.02a
• /
• pp.436-437
• /
• 2012

Double patterning technology (DPT) has been suggested as a promising candidates of the next generation lithography technology in FLASH and DRAM manufacturing in sub-40nm technology node. DPT enables to overcome the physical limitation of optical lithography, and it is expected to be continued as long as e-beam lithography takes place in manufacturing. Several different processes for DPT are currently available in practice, and they are litho-litho-etch (LLE), litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE), litho-freeze-litho-etch (LFLE), and self-aligned double patterning (SADP) [1]. The self-aligned approach is regarded as more suitable for mass production, but it requires precise control of sidewall space etch profile for the exact definition of hard mask layer. In this paper, we propose etch end point detection (EPD) in spacer etching to precisely control sidewall profile in SADP. Conventional etch EPD notify the end point after or on-set of a layer being etched is removed, but the EPD in spacer etch should land-off exactly after surface removal while the spacer is still remained. Precise control of real-time in-situ EPD may help to control the size of spacer to realize desired pattern geometry. To demonstrate the capability of spacer-etch EPD, we fabricated metal line structure on silicon dioxide layer and spacer deposition layer with silicon nitride. While blanket etch of the spacer layer takes place in inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE), in-situ monitoring of plasma chemistry is performed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and the acquired data is stored in a local computer. Through offline analysis of the acquired OES data with respect to etch gas and by-product chemistry, a representative EPD time traces signal is derived. We found that the SE-EPD is useful for precise control of spacer etching in DPT, and we are continuously developing real-time SE-EPD methodology employing cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart [2].

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.214-221
• /
• 2019

Objective: To investigate the effects of reversing the coiling direction of nickel-titanium closed-coil springs (NiTi-CCSs) on the force-deflection characteristics. Methods: The samples consisted of two commercially available conventional NiTi-CCS groups and two reverse-wound NiTi-CCS groups (Ormco-Conventional vs. Ormco-Reverse; GAC-Conventional vs. GAC-Reverse; n = 20 per group). The reverse-wound NiTi-CCSs were directly made from the corresponding conventional NiTi-CCSs by reversing the coiling direction. Tensile tests were performed for each group in a temperature-controlled acrylic chamber ($37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). After measuring the force level, the range of the deactivation force plateau (DFP) and the amount of mechanical hysteresis (MH), statistical analyses were performed. Results: The Ormco-Reverse group exhibited a significant shift of the DFP end point toward the origin point (2.3 to 0.6 mm), an increase in the force level (1.2 to 1.3 N) and amount of MH (1.0 to 1.5 N) compared to the Ormco-Conventional group (all p < 0.001), which indicated that force could be constantly maintained until the end of the deactivation curve. In contrast, the GAC-Reverse group exhibited a significant shift of the DFP-end point away from the origin point (0.2 to 3.3 mm), a decrease in the force level (1.1 to 0.9 N) and amount of MH (0.6 to 0.4 N) compared to the GAC-Conventional group (all p < 0.001), which may hinder the maintenance of force until the end of the deactivation curve. Conclusions: The two commercially available NiTi-CCS groups exhibited different patterns of change in the force-deflection characteristics when the coiling direction was reversed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2004.10a
• /
• pp.850-853
• /
• 2004

The development of 3D CAM system for the manufacturing of end mills becomes a key approach to save the time and reduce cost for end mills manufacturing. This paper presents the calculation and simulation of end mill tools CNC machining bases on 5-axes CNC grinding machine tool. In this study describes the process of generation and simulation of grinding point data between the tool and the grinding wheels through the machined time. Depend on input data of end mill geometry, wheels geometry, wheel setting, machine setting the end mill configuration and NC code for machining will be generated and visualized in 3 dimension before machining. The 3D visualizations of end mill manufacturing was generated by using OpenGL in C++. The development software was designed by using Microsoft Visual C++, which has many advantages for users, saving time and reducing manufacturing cost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2000

Model tests on free standing pile groups and piled footings with varying a pile spacing in two layered soils are carried out. The influence of pile cap on the behaviors of end bearing pile groups is analyzed by comparing the bearing behavior in piled footings with those in a single pile, a shallow footing(cap alone) and free standing pile groups. From the test results, it is found that the bearing characteristics of cap-soil-pile system are related with load levels and pile spacings. Before yield, the bearing resistance by cap is not fully mobilized, however, as the applied load increases, the bearing resistance of cap approaches to that of cap alone and settlement hardening occurs after yield due to the compaction caused by the contact pressure between cap and soil. By the cap-soil-pile interaction, shaft friction and point resistance of piles considerably increase with dependency of pile spacings. In two layered soil, the increasing effect of dilatancy in dense sandy soil adjacent to pile tips, increases the point resistance of pile.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2004

A study for investigating the effects of the cutting conditions (radial depth of cut feed per tooth) and the number of tooth on the side wall of prismatically milled workpiece is described. This study is available not only for understanding the geometrical characteristics of the end milled side wall but also for finding the optimal cutting conditions. In this work, the side wall geometry was characterized by the straightness and the location of maximum peak point. Through this study, it was revealed that the geometrical characteristics of the end milled side wall are strongly related to the material removal per tooth and the number of tooth.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 1992.10b
• /
• pp.599-606
• /
• 1992

A manipulator system that needs significantly large workspace volume and high payload capacity has greater link flexibility than typical industrial robots and teleoperators. If link flexibility is significant, position control of the manipulator's end-effector exhibits the nonminimum phase, noncollocated, and flexible structure system control problems. This paper addresses inverse dynamic trajectory planning issues of a flexible manipulator. The inverse dynamic equation of a flexible manipulator was solved in the time domain. By dividing the inverse system equation into the causal part and the anticausal part, the inverse dynamic method calculates the feedforward torque and the trajectories of all state variables that do not excite structural vibrations for a given end-point trajectory. Through simulation and experiment with a single-Unk flexible manipulator, the effectiveness of the inverse dynamic method has been demonstrated.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2008

An automatic titration system using a PC-camera with a color filter on its lens was used in the $KMnO_4$ consumption test of tap water and distilled water in relation to blank tests. The very faint pink color of titration end point could be effectively detected by using a yellow cellophane paper as a color filter. The average hue value (Havg) of 192 pixels in the image of the sample solution being titrated was computed and followed up at regular time intervals during titration in order to detect the titration end point. The Havg decrease of 2 degrees from the average of first 10 Havgs was regarded as reaching the end point. The volume of 0.01N $KMnO_4$ consumed by a tap water sample was $0.728{\pm}0.022ml$ in manual titration and $0.735{\pm}0.013ml$ in automatic titration (p=0.580). The volume of 0.01N $KMnO_4$ consumed by a distilled water sample was $0.383{\pm}0.015ml$ in manual titration and $0.367{\pm}0.015ml$ in automatic titration (p=0.252). The high p-values for t-test suggested that there were good agreements between manual and automatic titration data and the automatic method proposed in this article was considered to effectively replace the manual titration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.106-110
• /
• 2001

The ball-end milling process is widely used in the die/mold industries, and it is very suitable for the machining of free-form surfaces. However, this process is inherently inefficient process to compared with the end-milling or face milling process, since it relays upon the machining at the cutter/surface contact point. The machined part is the result of continuous point-to-point machining on the free-form surface. And cusps (or scallops) remain at the machined part along the cutter paths and they give the geometrical roughness of the workpiece. Thus, for the good geometrical roughness of the workpiece, it is required very tightly spaced cutter paths in this ball-endmilling process. However, with the tight cutter paths, the geometrical roughness of the workpiece is not regular on the workpiece since the cusp height is variable in the previously developed ISO-parametric or Cartesian machining methods. This paper suggests a method of tool path generation which makes the geometrical roughness of workpiece be constant through the machined surface. In this method, Ferguson Surface design Model is used and cusp height is derived from the instantaneous curvatures. And, to have constant cusp height, an increment of parameter u or v is estimated along the reference cutter path. In ball-end milling experiments, the cusp pattern was examined, and it was proved that the geometrical roughness could be regular by suggested tool path generation method.