• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.41-47
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• 2017

This study is an empirical analysis of the welfare of small and medium venture company trade. In the past, although the study analyzes the trade welfare for representative firm, this research is focusing on the distribution of an entire industry of companies analyzed. In this study, medium-to venture enterprise-scale for logarithmic normal distribution and Pareto distribution is estimated, and this study investigates the trading welfare changes. Results of the analysis can be summarized as follows. First of all, greater trade benefits enterprise-scale heterogeneity appeared to be significant. The result of this finding appeared to be the same to large firms as well as small and medium ventures. Trading welfare, assuming the distribution of Pareto rather than logarithmic normal distribution it's supposed to be overwhelmingly large. Secondly, the case of large corporations shows the more trade welfare than that of small and medium venture companies. Third, assuming homogeneous distribution of enterprise-scale trade welfare differences did not exist. Finally, from the point of view of increasing the welfare of trade, the diversity aiming of venture business is a very important role in the long term, because of the small and medium-sized ventures trade role.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.113-127
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• 2020

Based on the social exchange theory and innovation diffusion theory, this study is to identify the correlation between factors influencing investor's funding intention in crowdfunding and to analyze moderating effect of trust in the relationship of shared value, communication and individual innovation. The purpose of this study is to consider the funding trends of crowdfunding investors from a personal point of view through the results of the study and to help fundraiser of crowdfunding establish specifically strategies for financing. In order to conduct empirical analysis, an online survey was conducted on people who had participated in crowdfunding, and a total of 228 questionnaires were collected and a total of 186 responses were finally analyzed, excluding outliers. For data analysis, structural equation model analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Smart PLS 3.0. The results of this study showed that shared value in the relationship between fundraiser and investors has a significant effect on the perceived risk. High level of communication between fundraiser and investors showed positive effects on the level of commitment of the crowdfunding project and the innovation of the individual investor. And commitment had a positive effect on the funding intention. According to the results of this research, trust has moderating effect only in relationship between shared value and perceived risk. It is significant that investors share the value of fundraiser together is a motivation factor to fund in crowdfunding and an opportunity to recognize the risk. Through this study, it is expected to utilize them in establishing strategies for start-ups and marketing plans to raise funds through crowdfunding and to empirically identify factors influencing the funding intention through individual levels of crowdfunding investors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1983

The purposes of this study are to analyze/model the mode choice behavior of the regional traveler by express bus/express train and to offer useful source in deciding the public transportation policy. The data analyzed were trips of both modes from March, 1980 to November, 1981, between Seoul and other nineteen cities; the data were grouped as five groups according to the change of service variables. Service variables were travel time(unit: minute), cost(:won), average allocation time(:won), service hour(:hour), and dummy variables by mode. As model Logit Model with linear or log utility function were postulated. As the result of this study, some reseanable models were constructed at Model Type I(eq. 2. of this paper) based on the above data except the dummy. It was judged that the parameters calibrated by Group III and Group IV data in table 4, were optimal. Among the parameters, the parameter of travel cost was most reliable. There was a tendency preferring express bus to train in October and November. With the constructed model and Pivot-Point Method. the demand change of express train caused by the service variables' change could be forecasted over 99%.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5B
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• pp.393-403
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• 2011

This study theoretically reviewed the empirical G/R ratio by considering three regression and trend lines; the general linear regression curve, linear regression curve passing the origin, and the line passing the origin and the mass center of observed data. This review included the problem of choosing the independent variable and that of considering the zero measurements. This review result was also applied to the Typhoon Maemi in 2003 for their evaluation. Additionally, those regression and trend lines were compared using the RMSE between the corrected radar rainfall and observed rain gauge rainfall to select the most appropriate G/R ratio. Summarizing the results is as follows. First, the results of selecting the rain gauge rainfall as the independent variable were found better than the opposite case. Second, the effect of zero measurements varies depending on the structure of radar and rain gauge rainfall. Finally, the results from the comparison of three regression and trend lines shows that the slope of the regression line passing the origin with its independent variable of rain gauge rainfall would be used most appropriately for the G/R ratio, especially when the corrected radar rainfall is used for the flood analysis. The effect of zero measurements in this case was found not so significant.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.979-990
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• 2016

This study presents a nonlinear finite element procedure involving a phenomenological model to validate the tensile strain capacity of the X80 line pipe developed for the strain-based design purpose. The procedure is based on the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model, which models nucleation, growth and coalescence of void volume fraction occurred inside a metal. In this study, the user-defined material module (UMAT) is implemented in the commercial finite element platform ABAQUS and is applied to the nonlinear damage analysis of steel specimens. Material parameters for the nonlinear damage analysis of base and weld metals are calibrated from numerical simulations for the tensile tests of round bar and full thickness specimens. They are then employed in the numerical simulations for SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension) test and CWPT (Curved Wide Plate Test) and in the simulations, the tensile strain capacities are naturally evaluated. Comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results and the conventional empirical formulae shows that the proposed numerical procedure can fairly well predict the tensile strain capacity of X80 line pipe. So, it is readily expected to be effectively applied to the strain-based design procedure.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.187-197
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• 2011

There are many researches about effects of consumer innovativeness on the new product adoption behavior. However most of these studies regard this construct as one dimensional concept so that the extant studies suggest very ambiguous results about the relationship between consumer innovativeness and adoption behavior. This study subdivides the construct as cognitive innovativeness and sensory one and suggest these two types of consumer innovativeness affect on the risk perception of the potential adopter differently when the consumer adopt new product. In the empirical research through regression analysis and structure equation model with 217 samples, the study shows the consumer who have high level of cognitive innovativeness are more sensitive to functional risk of new products compared to one who have high level of sensory innovativeness. On the other side, sensory innovative consumer perceive social risk more when they adopt new products than cognitive innovator who have higher level of cognitive innovativeness. The result means there are dual paths on the relationship between consumer innovativeness and new products adoption behavior. Unlike the early studies, this study shows that there's dual path in relationship between the consumer's innovativeness and new product adoption. That is the consumer who have higher sensory innovativeness perceive the social risk of new products more sensitively than functional risk but the consumer who have cognitive innovativeness perceive functional risk more. So, new product adoption behavior would be different depending on the sensory or cognitive innovativeness.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

Purpose - Multi-dimensional prices comprise multiple components such as monthly payments and a number of payments rather than a single lump-sum amount. According to previous studies, an increase in the number of price dimensions leads to a massive amount of cognitive stress resulting in incorrect calculation, and deterioration in the consistency of the price judgment. However, an increase only in the level of complexity of calculating multi-dimensional prices does not always result in a corresponding decrease in the accuracy of price evaluation. Since diverse variables could affect consumers' purchase-decision-making process, the results of price evaluation would be different. In this study, an empirical analysis was performed to determine how the accuracy of price evaluation varies depending on the extent of the complexity of price dimensions using product involvement and brand preference as moderating variables. Research design, data, and methodology - A survey was conducted on 260 students, and 252 effective responses were used for analysis. The data was analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. In this study, six hypotheses were developed to examine the effect of product involvement and brand preference on consumers' evaluation effort of multi-dimensional prices. Results - As the number of price dimensions increased, accuracy of price evaluation appeared to be low in high involvement, as expected. However, it showed no differences in price evaluation effort when the level of complexity of calculating multi-dimensional prices is low. When a small number of price dimensions are presented in both cases of high and low involvement, accuracy of price evaluation is much higher in a weak brand preference. On the contrary, a strong brand preference enhances an accuracy of price evaluation only in case of low involvement when the number of price dimensions is increased. An interaction effect of product involvement and brand preference on consumers' evaluation of multi-dimensional prices did not exist irrespective of the level of complexity of calculating prices being high or low. Conclusions - When the number of price dimensions is small, consumers' effort for price evaluation shows almost no difference without the moderating effect of involvement, and a weak brand preference leads to a higher accuracy of price evaluation in an effort to make the best selection. No interaction effect of product involvement and brand preference was found except for a main effect of brand preference. When a price is composed of multiple dimensions rendering it more difficult to calculate the final price, the effort for price evaluation was expected to decrease only slightly in case of combination of high involvement and strong brand preference. This is because people have a higher purchase intentions and trust for that particular brand. However, the accuracy of price evaluation was much lower in cases of high involvement, and there was no interaction effect between product involvement and brand preference except for a main effect of involvement and brand preference, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.214-229
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• 2016

Since financial crisis, sharing economy emerged as a result of economic stagnation, emerging environmental-friendly trend and increasing smartphone penetration, which led to reducing unnecessary consumption and increasing the practical usage of resources. This indicates the possibility that the sharing economy service will develop in this hyperconnectivity era in terms of increasing consumer utility. In this study, the author, therefore, empirically analyzed the factors that affect the continuous usage from the experience of service use and the causal relationship between the factors by regulating the success of sharing economy service as the continuous use after the acceptance of service. The findings demonstrated that the perceived value and network externality had a significant effect on both trust and satisfaction, and the perceived risk had a significant effect on trust. In addition, trust affected both satisfaction and continuous use intention significantly, and satisfaction also had a significant effect on continuous use intention. And the perceived value and risk, and network externality mediated trust and satisfaction, thereby having a significant effect on continuous use intention. Through this research, the author intends to provide an opportunity to enhance the competitiveness of sharing economy service under an uncertain business environment by way of identifying the success factors of the sharing economy service whose important is growing in recently years and the structural relationship between these factors.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.59-68
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the differential mediating effects of three dimensions of buyer trust in the influence of supplier characteristics on the relationship performance. In this study, transaction characteristics were classified into competences and assets. The corporate reputation is considered as intangible assets, the customer-linking capability is considered among the competencies and transaction specific asset is selected from tangible assets. This study is also to examine the moderating effect of technical environment uncertainty in the effects of integrity and benevolence on the intention to continue trading. This study aims to provide a guide on which dimension suppliers should manage and how to improve their trust in order to maintain business with companies in technical environment uncertainty. Research design, data, and methodology - The data for the empirical analysis of this study were obtained by interviewing the 274 purchasing managers of Daegu - Gyeongbuk small and medium enterprises. The items used in this survey were partially modified to fit the characteristics of the B2B industry. The reliability and validity of the variables were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs and hypotheses were verified through the structural equation modeling. Results - In this study, reliability was examined by Cronbach 'α test. Composite Reliability and Average Mean Variance extracted value exceeded the baseline values. As a result of hypotheses testing, the hypothesis that the transaction specific asset will improve the benevolence and that benevolence will improve the intention to continue the transaction were rejected and all the other 9 hypotheses were adopted include 2 moderating hypothesis. Conclusions - This study shows which dimension of trust suppliers should appeal to the buyer according to the uncertainty of the technology environment in order to maintain the transaction with the buyer. competence and integrity are important when technology environment uncertainty is low, and competence and benevolence are important when technical environment uncertainty is high. In order to improve competence, corporate reputation and transaction-specific asset are important. To improve integrity, corporate reputation and customer-linking capability are important. In order to improve benevolence, customer-linking capability is important. And various implications were discussed.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

The recent experience about self-employment shows three main trends: first, its share out of the total workers has steadily increased, recording 37.6% in 2001, implying its prevalence and importance; second, its share out of male workers has caught up female workers', implying its importance to males as well as females; and finally, during the recent Economic Crisis when there was mass layoff and large scale bankruptcy, its share rapidly increased, reflecting its role of a buffer to economic fluctuation. However, there have been few studies on self-employment, mainly focusing on what makes someone choose it as an alternative to being employed. This study analyzes the determinants of the duration to terminate self-employment, by applying the proportional hazard model to the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey(KLIPS) by the Korea Labor Institute. The KLIPS started the first wave in 1998 with the 5,000 household sample (and about 12,000 individual sample of household members aged 15 and more). In this study, the first four waves are used for analysis. The average duration of 5,357 spells of self-employment is 130 months. It shows slight difference between males(124 months) and females(138 months) while it widely ranges over industries (296 months for agriculture industry while 50 months for restaurant and hotel industry). Estimates of the proportional hazard model of the self-employment duration show that females are more likely to terminate self-employment while it is not statistically significant. The effect of age at starting self-employment on the hazard shows the inverse V-shape, which implies that, until a certain age(47 years), the hazard become higher as aging while, since then, it become lower as aging. The level of education has a positive effect on the hazard, implying that more education is related to the higher probability to be employed. The measures of economic performances, annual sales and earnings, are positively related to continuing self-employment while hardship at the start of self-employment measured by several ways has a negative effect. Training before opening business has a positive effect on keeping on self-employment and its effects are different over its providers, significantly positive for public providers while insignificant for private providers. More and further research on self-employment is urgent in the rapidly ageing society. To help workers to be self-employed, more public assistance is necessary for education, training, financing, marketing, management, and human resource management in order to make the olders consider self-employment as a good alternative rather than an inevitable one.