• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2016

Korea has introduced Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (Korea ETS) since 2015. However, not many companies voluntarily participate in the emissions trading. The goal of this paper is to provide the way to improve the Korea ETS. This study compares the Korea ETS with EU Emissions Trading System, which has been practiced for a decade, and suggests three strategies to activate the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme. The first thing is to encourage more companies to participate in the emissions trading since the number of companies in the emissions trading in Korea is quite limited compared with that of EU. The second thing is to activate the trading of Korean Credit Unit in order to stimulate various emission reduction mechanisms. Currently, the most of the trading in the emissions market is through the Korean Allowance Unit. The third thing is to establish concrete measures to continuously improve the Korea ETS. A comprehensive evaluation of the Korea ETS is needed along with the ongoing convergence with the associated comments. The improvement of Korea ETS would be one of the most efficient ways to compete the climate change, and would also play a role to raise the status of Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2005

To introduce an emissions trading system for GHG that currently have no reduction requirements, the following should be considered as priorities: eliciting the participation of the industrial sector and linking GHG emission trading systems to the emissions trading system (implemented from July 2007) that has become part of national policy with the enactment of the Special Act. Two directions can serve as viable alternatives in that regard. One is a baseline-and-credit method based on incentive auctioning. This has the advantage of inducing participation through economic incentives without a reductions commitment. The downside of this method is that it requires vast investments, as well as the fact that reaching an agreement between participants and the government to decide an objective baseline is difficult. On the other hand, the cap-and-trade method set forth in the Special Act is attractive in that it can be integrated with the air pollutant emissions trading system, but it would be difficult to elicit the participation of the industrial sector in the absence of GHG emission reduction requirements. In the current situation, it would be preferable for the government to induce the participation of the industrial sector by devising a wide variety of incentives because taking part in the emissions trading system before reducing GHG emissions offers large incentives through learning by doing. The timing of GHG reduction commitments and emissions trading system implementation may be uncertain but their Implementation will be unavoidable. Thus the government needs to facilitate preparations for emissions trading of GHG in the future and continuously review its operation in integration with the air pollutant emissions trading system to maximize adaptation and teaming by doing effect in the industrial sector.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.53-79
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to find what steps are needed for a system for CO2 emissions trading to be formulated as government policy, using System Thinking approach. First, this paper analyzed Korean newspapers to consider the social issue regarding CO2 emissions trading. There were more articles related to international issues than domestic ones before 2008. This trend, however, became reversed from January 2008, which means that consideration of CO2 emissions trading has been discussed as a domestic social issue from 2008. Second, it analyzed speeches by former president Roh Moo-Hyun and current president Lee Myung-bak. In particularly, President Lee Myung-bak declared "Low Carbon and Green Growth" as a new growth engine and a Korea's vision of the future national development. Third, it examined which government agencies, including departments and committees, are pursuing policies regarding climate change, global warming, and CO2 emissions trading. Most policy has originated in the Ministry of Environment, although policy alternatives have been proposed in other agencies including the Ministry of Knowledge Economy. The study concludes that the political consideration has played a major role in the policy agenda-setting process of the CO2 emissions trading in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Climate change has been identified as one with the greatest challenges facing nations, government, business and over future decades. Activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the Kyoto Protocol, the international community has been in progress. Korea also has introduced the Emission trading system to reduce greenhouse emission from the supervision of the government. Greenhouse gases emissions quantity should be internationally recognized. Mutual Recognition Arrangement should be recognized as the same greenhouse gas emission. International recognition of domestic verification body of international mutual recognition is required. Efforts are needed to secure the equivalence between the emission rights through direct cooperation with the relative nation accreditation body. Early entry into the IAF/PAC GHG MLA is essential for demonstrating equivalence between greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions trading will also require connection to the EU ETS, California, USA, and Tokyo, Japan to link Emissions trading. In the case of establishing accreditation standards and accreditation criteria, it will be necessary to distinguish between the domestic Energy Target Management System and the Emission Trading System. Independent greenhouse gases verification bodies should be established to meet the requirements of IAF and PAC. It is necessary to revise the qualification criteria for the verification of the greenhouse gas verification body according to international standards requirements. It is necessary to support the role of accreditation bodies of domestic greenhouse gas verification bodies. It is required to join international organizations of international mutual recognition of international trade and the need for pilot projects to link greenhouse gas emissions. The core link to our emission trading system is called EU-ETS, and we will need to join the IAF/PAC GHG MLA GHG. The International Mutual Recognition Agreement (IAF) is expected to allow international interoperability of GHG emissions verification between EA and the PAC. By signing a PAC GHG MLA, it will need to be prepared to prepare for the pilot project to link the emission trading system.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

There are two main policies to meet the national goal of reducing Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions in Korea towards Paris Agreement. From 2012 to 2014, Target Management System (TMS) was operated and the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) has been established since 2015. To compare the impact of TMS and ETS on reducing GHGs, we collected annual GHGs emission reports submitted by individual business entities, and normalized them using a z-variant normalized function. In order to evaluate the impact of those policies, we calculated the amount of GHGs emissions of 73 business entities from 15 business sectors. Those entities emitted $508million\;CO_2eq$, which is 74% of total national GHGs emissions in 2014. The main results of analysis indicate that accumulated GHGs emissions during the period 2012 to 2014 affected by TMS was higher than the national goal of GHGs emission reduction, and only the GHGs emissions in 2014 were in the range of allowed GHGs emissions, set by the Government. In 2015, when ETS initiated, total GHGs emission trading was $4.84million\;tCO_2eq$, which is only 0.9% of total allowance in 2015. However, more than 50% of business entities, who got the allowance of GHGs emission given by the Government, met the goal of GHGs emissions. Particularly, 27 of 73 business entities reduced GHGs more under the ETS rather than the TMS. Even though we analyzed only 4 years' data to demonstrate the impact of TMS and ETS, it is expected to commit the national goal of GHGs reduction target by TMS and ETS.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.95-124
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• 2009

This study aims to introduce greenhouse gas emission trading in Korea as a highly cost-effective mechanism for controlling emissions. The Basic Act on Low-Carbon Green Growth will cover methods of emissions allocation, national inventory, and trading systems (i.e. emissions trading platforms, national registry,and clearing and settlement platforms). The Korean emission scheme will be based on the Korean Climate Change Act proposed by the National Assembly and Government with a cap-and-trade scheme. The national allowances will be allocated by the hybrid system. To establish the national inventory, TRADEMARKS (Telemetering System) and emissions factors are effective for greenhouse gas emissions measurement. It will likewise be effective for the national registry to be implemented via a Korean Integrated Registry, the emissions trading platform via the KRX (Korean Exchange), and the clearing and settlement platform via the KSD (Korean Securities Depository). In other words, the KRX will manage product development and marketing for Korean Carbon Financial Instruments (including commodities, futures, and options contracts) listed and admitted to trading on the KRX. All emissions trades will be standardized and cleared by the KSD.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 2017

Emissions Trading System (ETS) is utilized in many countries, including South Korea, as an efficient policy to abate GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions. Grandfathering on the basis of historic emissions is used as the way to allocate permits in South Korea. It, however, has caused an increase in the emission permits and lack of equity. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose an alternative DEA model for centralized allocation of emission abatement to evaluate the amount of emissions abatement by company based on the energy efficiency. In addition, an empirical analysis of 36 assigned companies for ETS in Korean metal industry is conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed model. The result of the analysis shows that energy-efficient companies achieve reduced target of the emissions abatement and companies with low energy efficiency score are turned out to have contrary outcome, against the result of applying Grandfathering.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

OBJECTIVES : Currently, the market for carbon emissions trading has been increasing. In Korea, it is known that traffic mode rate in bike transportation is low. However, if bike transportation system is encouraged and the traffic mode rate is increased, it would be possible to reduce carbon emissions through the trading market. In this study, a practical policy to activate the bike transportation system in Korea will be proposed and verified. METHODS : Past studies regarding bike transportation system in international and domestic metropolitan cities were analyzed. Moreover, detailed reviews on recent carbon emissions trading market were performed. In particular, SWOT analysis on the bike transportation system in Korea and policy topology analysis were conducted. RESULTS : Based on the literature reviews and SWOT analysis, a new bike transportation policy was proposed. Several actual plans to adopt in Korea were proposed. In addition, a new bike transportation policy was analyzed using policy typology model, and a business model related to the cost of implementing the system and CERs were also proposed. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that the proposed bike transportation activation policy and several practical plans to connect CERs and a business model including bus, subway, T-money and bike riders to give some incentive were effective and reasonable. It is desired that this study will help Korea to get CERs through bike transportation activation in the future.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.261-290
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• 2022

Although market stabilization measures have been triggered in the K-ETS, carbon price is still under uncertainty. Considering Korea's 2030 enhanced reduction target announced in October 2021, it is crucial to have practical stabilization measures to appropriately deal with price uncertainty. This study examines the quantitative effects of a price collar, which is considered as a means of alleviating price uncertainty, on expected cumulative emissions and abatement costs. There are three main scenarios: carbon tax, emissions trading system, and emissions trading system with a price collar. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to reflect uncertainty in emission. There are several results as follows: 1) In a price collar, domestic emission target is likely to be achieved with a lower expected abatement cost than other scenarios. In addition, there is a small amount of excess emissions in this research and it would be not critical(0.1% excess than target); 2) Prohibiting banking increases the expected abatement cost. This is because firms can not intertemporally reallocate allowances to match the firm's optimal emissions path; 3) With the adoption of a price collar, government's net revenue can be positive even if the government's purchase volume of emissions allowances is more than sales volume. This is because the government sells them at price ceiling and purchases them at price floor.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

A microgrid can play a significant role for enlargement of renewable energy sources and emission reduction because it is a network of small, distributed electrical power generators operated as a collective unit. In this paper, an application of optimization method to economical operation of a microgrid is studied. The microgrid to be studied here is composed of distributed generation system(DGS), battery systems and loads. The distributed generation systems include combined heat and power(CHP) and small generators such as diesel generators and the renewable energy generators such as photovoltaic(PV) systems, wind power systems. Both of thermal loads and electrical loads are included here as loads. Also the emissions trading scheme to be applied in near future, the cost of unit start-up and the operational characteristics of battery systems are considered as well as the probabilistic characteristics of the renewable energy generation and load. A mathematical equation for optimal operation of this system is modeled based on the mixed integer programming. It is shown that this optimization methodology can be effectively used for economical operation of a microgrid by the case studies.