• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2000

The purposes of this study were to (a) measure plate waste of school lunches, (b) evaluate the nutrients actually consumed by students in elementary school foodservice. The survey was conducted between May 11 and July 1, 1998 through the practical measurement and questionnaires. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS program for descriptive analysis and T-test. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The mean plate waste of menu group were soup, vegetable side dishes, kimchi, and meat side dish in order. 2. There was little difference between estimation and weighing of plate waste. 3. The satisfaction of children with school lunches were significantly higher for boys(73.55%) than for girls(71.13%). The highest level of the satisfaction was meat side dishes among boys and girls. 4. The majority reasons for leaving leftover were 'too big portion' and 'food is not tasty'. 5. There was significant negative correlation between plate waste and student's satisfaction. In summary, increased satisfaction with school lunches in most menus resulted in decreased plate waste rate. 6. Comparison of $\frac{1}{3}$ RDA, energy, vitamin A and calcium were below recommended allowances for boys while energy vitamin A, calcium and iron were for girls. In general, the nutrient intake was more adequate for boys than girls because of the girl's lower allowances.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.4 no.6
• /
• pp.515-521
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.521-526
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of school-based oral health program on decrease of dental caries among elementary school children. The subjects of this study were total 727 students of one elementary school in Deagu, Korea. They had received school-based oral health programs for more than one year since 2004. This school-based oral health program included regular oral examination, fluoride mouth-rinsing, pit-and-fissure sealing, APF gel application, tooth brushing instruction and take the xylitol tablet after lunch during school days. The subjects' oral health status were examined by two calibrated dentists every year from 2004 to 2009. The DMFS index of $1^{st}$ grade to $6^{th}$ grade experimental and control group was 0.07, 0.39, 0.55, 0.67, 0.81, 1.79 and 0.31, 0.86, 1.07, 1.04, 2.71, 3.08 respectively. It's significantly different in $5^{th}$ grade(p<0.001) and $6^{th}$ grade(p=0.018) when it compare with control group. This study partially showed effect of school-based oral health programs on decrements of dental caries. This program should be expanded widely among elementary school in Korea. Xylitol tablet also recommended to included in school-based oral health programs.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.69-73
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data for developing oral health education program. The questionaire about oral health knowledge and behaviors were given to 1419, 12 year-old children who lived in Seongnam City. The results were obtained as follows; 1) Of respondents, 46.2% visited dental offices within a year. And 33% of them were for the purpose of routine examinations and prevention. 2) 67.1% of them exhibited toothbrushing before bedtime and only 11.3% and 8.9% of them toothbrushed after between-meal intake and lunch. 3) 47.7% of them experienced dental health education programs and 72.3% of the programs had been during elementary school days. 4) 56.2% of them chose dentifrices without standards and 21.6% of them considered the presence of fluoride. 5) Of respondents, 57.4% and 46.4% knew the importances of toothbrushing and dietary pattern. But only 18.7% and 8.5% of them knew the methods of using fluoride and scaling. 6) 33% of them replied negatively to the probabilities of preventing dental caries. 7) Also, it is necessary to expand the oral health education programs for 12 year-old children in Seongnam City and include the annual screening dental examination, toothbrushing, dentifrice selection, using fluoride and scaling.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2013

This study used survey data to identify the use of salimeters and the prevalence of sodium reduction education in the Gyeonggi region. A survey with 211 dietitians working in school foodservice (106 in elementary schools, 69 in middle schools, and 36 in high schools) was conducted from August 6 to August 17, 2012. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Though 86.6% of school kitchens had salimeters, the rate for checking the sodium content of soup or stew was just 62.7% and the rate for checking the sodium content of kimchi and solid food was very low. Since salimeters are mostly used to measure sodium in liquid foods, it is urgent to provide an education and manual on using salimeters and to promote salimetry for kimchi and side dishes. It is also important to provide students with nutritional information by clearly posting the sodium content of food on menus and compelling students to notice them. Sodium reduction education for cooks was conducted in the 70.3% of the kitchens; however, the dietitians perceived that the cooks did not understand the importance of the education. Also, sodium reduction education for students was mostly provided through indirect methods, rather than face-to-face education, resulting in poor educational data (only 36.4% comprehending). By providing detailed guidelines for sodium reduction and labelling accurate content of sodium of the menus, we will be able to enforce practices for sodium reduction in school lunches.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1155-1162
• /
• 2002

Food waste in school foodservices is an important factor in managing expense or evaluating the acceptance of served meals and a serious environmental hazard factor in all countries. In this study, the perception and attitude towards food waste reduction and the recognition of environmental pollution of students from elementary school foodservices in Busan, Korea were investigated. The questionnaire was responded by 519 students (boy: 255, girl: 264) in the third and sixth grades. School lunch programs were proved to contribute to the improvement of students' food intake habits. The perception and attitude towards food waste reduction of the third grade students (3.61/3.73) were significantly higher than those of the sixth grade students (3.46/3.59) (P<0.01). Food waste education made a significant impact on the perception and attitude on food waste (p<0.01). When dislike food was supplied the students having the higher perception and attitude towards food waste reduction ate it more than those having the lower perception and attitude. The major reason for plate waste was shown to be influenced by the taste and amount of foods supplied in school lunch programs. Most of students recognized that food waste pollution (4.22) was one of the severest problems among the environmental pollutions, followed by air (4.13), tap water (4.09) soil (3.78), noise (3.55) pollution. The students separated the garbage in the house (72.6%) better than in school and the outside (55.2%). The perception of food waste was positively correlated with the attitude toward reduction of food waste and the recognition of environmental pollution (p<0.01). The attitude toward reduction of food waste was also positively correlated with meal quantity taken (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.586-597
• /
• 2000

The nutrition knowledge and food attitude of obese children were assessed and compared with their normal children counterparts to provide information for nutrition education programs. One hundred forty six obese children and 92 normal children from the fourth to sixth grade in Bucheon and Anyang elementary schools of Kyeong-gi Province were selected for the study. A multiple choice questionnaire, including 12 items of general nutrition knowledge and 13 items of weight control, were used to test the nutrition knowledge of children. The results of this study are as follows : 1) 57.5% of male and 40.9% of female obese children had experience with weight control, but the rate of correct answers on the nutrition knowledge test ranged from 53% to 58%, which does not show any significant difference between the two groups. The rate of correct answers on items conrerning 'general nutrition knowledge' and 'nutrition knowledge for weight control' did not show any significant difference among the two groups. 2) Obese male students showed a higher rate of correct answers(59.2%) on items of 'the proper food selection for obese children', compared with their counterparts and also obese female students showed a higher rate of correct answers(88.6%) on 'physical exercise', compared with their counterparts. 3) The rate of correct answers on nutrition knowledge of 'basic food groups', 'the functions of iron and vitamins', 'the concept of energy', and 'the principle of weight change' were lower than 40%. 4) The obese children frequently did not have breakfast, overate during lunch in many cases, and had low recognition on knowledge that was necessary to weight control. 5) Only 30.9% and 22.7% of male and female obese children replied that they would participate in weight control programs. However, 53.6% of males and 68.2% of females did not show any concern in participating the programs. From these results, it was suggested that it is necessary to motivate the obese to participate in weight-control program. When developing nutrition education programs for the obese, the contents of the questions that showed a low correct answering rates should be emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.275-287
• /
• 1993

An ecological survey of food and nutrition was conducted in April and May, among 278 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Youido elementary school, which offers no school lunch program, and is situated in Youido delta of Han River side of Seoul, known as the location of one of the socioeconomically high groups; Eighteen percent and 18.3% of subjects were proven to be overweight and obese, respectively. With regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 28.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast often and 2.5% of subjects skipped breakfast every morning. Obese children showed good appetite and the time consumed for eating was shorter than those of normal or overweight children. Most serious anxiety among the mothers for those children was food habit of `eating rapidly' and `overeating'. Another striking observation was that 14.4% of the subjects ate only one side-dish with boiled rice, and such a pattern was more often found in the normal or slim group. Most of the subjects had their snacks after being back in home from school. Thirty-one percent of the children had snacks when they felt hungry, 69% had snacks for various reasons such as `habitually', `for unwinding', and `mother gives me snacks'. Thirty-eight percent of the boys and 19% of the girls had physical exercise everyday and overweight and obese children got exercise more frequently. But the time consumed for exercise was much more shorter than that of normal subjects. Most of the children liked fruits, meats, and biscuit, in contrast, lowest preferency was for vegetables, fermented fish products, and boiled rice mixed with other grains. Obese children experienced more kinds of food than normal or slim group. The study found that habits of overeating due to good appetite and eating rapidly were recognized as one of dominant reasons causing obesity among children. On the other hand, serious dietary problem of children of normal or slim group was eating less variety of food. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of teachers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate dietary intakes and nutritional status among Uganda primary school children from two selected schools in urban and rural areas. Methods: Data were collected from 350 pupils (6-14 years) in Mpigi district, Uganda. All participants were offered a school lunch meal (usually maize porridge and boiled beans). Dietary survey was conducted in October 2016. Data for dietary intake levels were collected by the 24-hour recall method with trained school staffs. The data were converted into nutrient intakes using the CAN-Pro 5.0 Program and compared with KDRIs to evaluate the nutritional status of the subjects. Diet quality indexes such as nutrient density, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ) and a diet diversity index such as diet diversity score (DDS) were calculated to evaluate nutritional status among subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical programs. Results: Results show that the intakes of most nutrients were significantly different by schools. The nutritional status of micro-nutrients was very low in both schools according to analysis of nutritional indexes such as NARs and INQs. Students from both schools should improve intakes of micro-nutrients related to child growth such as calcium, Vitamin B₆, zinc and folate. According to the analysis of dietary diversity, there was difference in dietary patterns by schools presumably due to their locations. Conclusions: This suggests that current meals could not provide adequate nutrients for the subjects and urgent nutrition interventions for school food services are needed to improve their nutritional well-being. New foods supplements based on local cuisine are also needed to ensure dietary diversity and sustainable development plans.