• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.12-25
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• 2014

The calcium intake of elementary school students residing in Gyeongsangbukdo province from their school foodservice and milk program was evaluated. A total of 252 subjects (50.4% boys and 49.6% girls) were examined. A significant percentage of the total subjects (32.9%) reported skipping breakfast once or more per week, with the major reasons for skipping breakfast being a lack of time and appetite. A majority of the to-tal subjects (78.2%) participated in the school milk program. The type of milk consumed by the subjects was mainly white milk, with a milk intake mostly between one and two cups. Participants in the school milk program consumed over the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium, but non-participants consumed only 48.1% of the RNI (P<0.001). The calcium intake rate according to food cooking methods, from highest to lowest was in the order bap, twigim, jeon, jjim, and gui. Although the food intake rate of guk was low, the calcium intake rate by RNI was the highest for guk. On the other hand, the food intake rate of bap and kimchi was high, but their calcium intake rate by RNI was relatively low. These results show that non-participants in the school milk program are significantly deficient in calcium. Therefore, to improve the calcium nutrition for children, school lunch menus containing high calcium need to be developed and children should be encouraged to enter a school milk program.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.220-231
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate elementary students' awareness of the importance of hand washing, as well as their hand-washing behavior. The data was collected by self-reported questionnaire from 697 students in elementary schools with serving food in a classroom in Busan. Their hand-washing frequency was high, at '3~4 times per day (37.0%)'. 51.0% of the respondents did not wash their hands that often because they were 'not accustomed' to washing their hands, and 35.9% of respondents regarded washing their hands as 'annoying'. The most frequently reported hand washing agent was 'soap and water (71.4%)'. Approximately 95~98% of the respondents always washed their hands after using the bathroom, 87.9% of them washed their hands before eating food, and 86.7% of them washed their hands upon returning home. However, 27.3%, 34.1% and 65.9% of the respondents did not wash their hands after handling money, after eating, and after coughing or sneezing, respectively. Significant factors related to increased hand-washing frequency were gender (p<0.001) and the period of attendance at kindergarten (p<0.05). The mean scores of importance and performance of hand washing were significantly higher for girls than for boys. The group with higher rate (over 4.5/5.0) for the importance of sanitary hand-washing behavior showed significantly higher scores in hand-washing behavior before serving food and before eating than those of the lower rated group (below 4.0/5.0). This study shows that sanitation education is required not only for food handlers but also for students in school foodservices.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1999

This research was conducted to estimate waste rates of 69 food items after pre-preparation and amounts of food wastes disposed and it's reduction effect by education in some institutional foodservices for reduction of the food wastes. The result are as follows: 1. The waste rates were 55.40% for sweet corn, 5.73% for potatoes, 19.14% for sweet potatoes, and 33.47% for chestnuts. 2. The waste rates of fruits were 0.21-49.36%. Food items with over 40% waste rate were banana, watermelon, and pineapple. 3. The waste rates of vegetables were 1.14-52.90%. The number of foods with under 10% waste rate were 14 items(red pepper, green pepper, chard, and so on), 10-20% was 9 items(perilla leaf, chinese cabbage, ginger root, and so on), 20-30% was 5 items(root of chinese bellflower, garlic, radish-leaves, burdock, welsh onion-large type), 30-40% was 3 items(shepherd's purse, head lettuce, kale) and over 40% was 3 items(water dropwort, crown daisy, mallow). 4. The waste rates were 24.30% in chicken, 9.53-13.79% in eggs, and 9.30-55.32% in fishes. The waste rates of vegetables and fishes were higher than those of other food groups. 5. There were significantly different in amount of food wastes disposed (g/person/day) to institutional foodservices (hospital＞industrial institution＞ Korean restaurant＞elementary school). The amount of food wastes disposed, especially amount in pre-preparation phase, after education for reduction of food wastes was significantly reduced. Since these study results show significant deviations in food waste rates and education effect, there should be more studies for standard waste rates of each food and systematic education method for reduction of food wastes.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study was to provide a basic information for the efficient foodservice management in elementary schools. A survey was conducted to get the information on the cost management and centralization needs of dietitians working for school foodservice in Kyungki-do. Detail information was collected from 85 dietitians. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS/PC/sup/＋ package for descriptive analysis, t-test, $\chi$$^2$test and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Meal costs per one person evaluated on the standards of monthly budget basis in May and June, 1996 did not show any significant differance between commisary foodservice schools and conventional ones. Labor costs of island type and rural type were significantly higher than those of urban type. The schools with less than 1,000 feeding numbers spent more labor costs than those with over 1,001-feeding numbers did. 2. In island type and rural type, total meal costs increased according as the scale of the schools decreased. 3. Results of the survey on dietitians' centralization noeds showed that the aspects of common-purchasing and common solid waste management marked the highest ratings, whereas the aspects of commissary foodserice system got the lowest rating.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.713-720
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 채소 관련 영양교육의 효과성을 평가하기 위해 경남 창원지역에 소재하는 A초등학교 학생 122명(교육집단 61명, 비교육집단61명)을 대상으로 2010년 10월 4일부터 10월 25일까지 4주간 영양교사가 직접 영양교육을 실시하였으며, 교육집단과 비교육집단을 대상으로 영양교육 전후에 각각 설문조사를 실시하였다. 영양교육의 효과성 평가를 위해 영양지식(채소 인지도, 채소 관련 영양지식), 채소 기호도, 채소 섭취 행동(채소 섭취 경험 정도, 채소 반찬 섭취율)의 변화를 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 채소 관련 영양교육이 채소 인지도에 미치는 영향 분석 결과 교육집단과 비교육집단 모두 교육전보다 교육후 채소 인지도가 유의적으로 높아졌으나(p<0.001), 교육집단의 상승폭이 비교육집단의 상승폭보다 컸다. 또한 채소 관련 영양지식의 경우 비교육집단에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나 교육집단에서는 유의한 차이를 보여(p<0.001) 영양교육으로 인해 채소 관련 영양 지식이 높아졌음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 채소 기호도의 변화를 분석한 결과 비교육집단에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 교육집단에서는 유의한 차이를 보여(p<0.001) 영양교육이 영양지식의 향상에 효과적인 영향력이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 채소 관련 영양교육이 채소 섭취경험의 변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 비교육집단(p<0.001)과 교육집단(p<0.001) 모두에서 유의한 차이를 보였으나 교육집단에서의 상승폭이 더 크게 나타났다. 즉 채소 관련 영양교육으로 인해 다양한 채소 섭취를 경험하게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 학교급식에서 제공되는 채소 반찬의 섭취율의 변화에 미치는 영향 분석 결과 시금치반찬(p<0.001), 배추김치(p<0.001), 깍두기(p<0.001)의 섭취율이 교육집단에서 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 교육집단을 대상으로 채소 관련 영양교육에 대한 인식을 조사한 결과 조사대상의 67.2%가 '영양교육수업이 흥미 있었다'고 응답하였으며, '영양교육 수업이 영양지식의 향상에 도움이 되었다'는 응답은 62.3%였다. 영양교육 후 채소반찬 제공 시의 섭취행동에 대해서는 '골고루 조금씩 먹는다'는 응답이 44.3%로 가장 많이 조사되어 채소 관련 영양교육이 학생들에게 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면 영양교사에 의한 채소 관련 영양교육이 학생들의 채소 인지도, 채소 관련 영양지식, 채소 기호도, 채소 섭취 경험 및 채소 반찬 섭취율의 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과에 근거한 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구에서는 4주간의 짧은 교육기간이었음에도 불구하고 교육집단의 영양지식과 기호도, 섭취율이 향상되는 결과를 제시하였다. 따라서 올바른 식습관 정착을 위해서는 향상된 영양지식을 지속적으로 실천할 수 있도록 장기적인 교육이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 교육 실시 직후 바로 영양교육의 효과를 측정하여 측정시기가 1회로 그쳤으나 3개월에서 6개월 뒤에 측정함으로써 교육 효과의 지속성에 대한 평가가 이루어져야 할 것 같다. 셋째, 지금까지는 일반적인 영양지식 및 식습관 위주로 영양교육이 이루어졌는데, 향후에는 좀 더 다양한 구체적인 주제별로 체계적인 영양교육 프로그램 및 교육 체계가 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.253-263
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• 2008

This study examined the menu management and utilization of cooking equipment at school foodservice operations in the Chonbuk area. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from a total of 193 school dietitians. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS v. 11.5 program. The results are summarized as follows. Among the 193 schools, 58.5% were elementary schools and 41.5% were middle and high schools. Approximately 97% of the schools prepared meals in the conventional manner. Among the school, 68.4% had a menu cycle of 1${\sim}$2 weeks. The frequency of using convenience foods was significantly different between the elementary schools and middle and high schools(p<0.001). Approximately 45% of the dietitians responded that the most important details for menu planning were menu variety and consumer preference. However, 66.8% of the dietitians responded that a key problem for menu planning was limited and worn-out kitchen equipment. Although the cost of purchasing cooking equipment is high, most dietitians responded they have high needs for equipment in order to meet of the quantity demands of food production. In terms of utilized cooking equipment, most schools had mixers, vegetable cutters, choppers, dish washers, etc. Yet the amenities most often lacking were meat slicers, composting machines, ovens, and griddles. In utilizing the cooking equipment, there was no significant difference between the dietitians in the elementary(3.67) schools and those in the middle and high school foodservice systems(3.70); however, the utilization level was poor. Therefore, governmental regulatory agencies should review and finance support for purchasing cooking equipment. Finally, purchasing analysis was conducted regarding the dietitians' opinions on menu recipes and useful equipment.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.474-487
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• 2009

The principal objectives of this study were to evaluate the space, equipment, and institution rate by functional area, and to suggest appropriate types, numbers, and equipment capacity by school foodservice size for optimal employee job performance and efficiency. Data were collected and administered by 263 dietitians who attended elementary and middle schools in Gyeonggi Province, and the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Among a total of 72 respondents who provided usable data, 31 (48.6%) respondents were nutrition teachers and 37 (51.4%) were part-time dietitians. The majority of the respondents reported that their foodservices were self-operating types (94.4%), and 8 meals out of 10 meals provided over a 2-week period were served as normal meals, defined as meals consisting of Bab, Kook, Kimchi, and 3 side dishes (73.6%). The mean kitchen space was $186.25\;m^2$ for 500 meals/day, $269.7\;m^2$ for 501 to 1,000 meals/day, $249.1\;m^2$ for 1001 to 1500 meals/day, and $274.87\;m^2$ for 1,500 or more meals/day. The mean space of functional areas was $11.52\;m^2$ for office, $12.63\;m^2$ for storeroom, $9.55\;m^2$ for receiving area, $27.23\;m^2$ for pre-preparation area, $149.9\;m^2$ for cooking area, $18.33\;m^2$ for assembly/service area, $45.50\;m^2$ for dishwashing area, and $17.20\;m^2$ for locker room. Only two pre-preparation and cooking spaces increased significantly with increasing size of school foodservice (p<0.05). Office, cooking area, and locker room were allocated in all foodservices. However, the pre-preparation area (68.7%), receiving area (56.5%), assembly/service area (38.1%), and dishwashing area (37.7%) were lowly installed in the surveyed facilities. Through a focus group meeting discussing the results of this study, appropriate equipment and its dimensions were suggested according to functional areas and foodservice scales. Future studies will be necessary to allocate the appropriate space by functional area with the proposed equipment requirements for optimally efficient decision making in equipment purchasing.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyse the nutrient intake of the elementary students participating in the School lunch program and to compare the amount of the plate waste generated in two school foodservice operations that were located in an urban(school A) and a rural area(school B), respectively. A plate waste analysis was conducted for each menu item to separate and quantify food waste discarded in service phases of each operation. The SPSS 10.0 for window was used for data analysis. Non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney) was adopted to determine if significant differences existed in amounts of food waste generated in school A and school B. An average of 415 meals, including 43 adult meals, were served daily in school A, while an average of 177 meals, including 24 adult meals, were served daily in school B. Throughout the study the percentage of plate waste in vegetable dishes was high in both school. The food served to the students in school A met most of the RDA set by Korean Nutrition Association except vitamin A, while that served to the students in school B satisfied RDA in all aspects. Between 10-20% of the nutrients served were discarded as plate waste(school A : 11-27%; school B : 5-14%). Students in school B took significantly more niacin than students in school A did. It should be noted, though, that the RDA was still met in both schools except the vitamin A in case of school A, even after considering the plate waste. The research results suggested that school foodservice dieticians should evaluate the acceptability of menu items based on food waste per meal, and help increase the students' awareness of the environmental impact of food waste. Further, teachers, parents and dieticians should be encouraged to provide environmental education to the students that focused on the reduction of food waste.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 1995

Commissary school foodservice system has been expanded rapidly in elementary foodservices in Korea. Therefore, it is essential that cost effectiveness should be assessed by comparing between alternative systems. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects on meal costs of foodservice systems and other school characteristics in terms of meal costs/day per 1 person ; to examine financial management practices and dietitians' perception concerning importance of school foodservices financial management. A total of 16 commissary schools in nationwide and 102 conventional schools at Chungnam province and Seoul were participated in this survey by mails. The results are as follows 1. Average meal costs per one person was 1,232.6 won evaluated on the standards of monthly budget basis on June, 1994. Average food costs per one person was 836.1 won(67.83%), average labor cost was 320.1 won(25.97 %) and operation costs was 76.3 won(6.2 %). 2. Average meal costs per one person did not show any significant difference between commissary and conventional foodservice schools. Meal costs of the island type and the rural type were significantly higher than those of the urban type. Meal costs of schools in Chungnam and other province were higher than schools in Seoul. The schools with less than 200 feeding numbers were higher than the schools more than 201 in meal costs per one person. 3. Food costs per one person were higher in the urban type, especially in Seoul, as the scale of feeding number increased. Labor costs and operational costs were increased in island type as well as in the schools of small feeding numbers. 4. Foodservice teachers, not dietitians were in charge of foodservice duties at the 75 % of satellites. Dietitians participated in the satellite foodservice duties were only averaged at 2.19 visits per month of 20 feeding days. 5. Items which influenced by food costs per person at the step of foodservice production were purchasing method, the perception of inventory, the distributor for foodservice, and usage of standardized recipes.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.82-94
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were to measure the service mind and customer orientation of employees and to identify the effect of service mind on customer orientation in elementary school foodservices. The questionnaires were distributed to foodservice employees of the 19 elementary schools, but collected from 12 schools in Gwangju, Gyeonggi. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS (ver. 18.0) for the independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Cronbach's alpha, principal component analysis, hierarchical & K-means cluster analysis, Pearson' correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Foodservice employees highly rated their service mind (3.94 out of 5 points), especially their perceptions on the importance of service (4.13 points). The effort to provide service was significantly different depending on the serving place (P<0.05). Employees had a high level of customer orientation (4.02 points), which was significantly influenced by age, position, or career (P<0.05), and cook license (P<0.01). As a result of cluster analysis for service mind, employees were divided into two groups: a low-service mind group (cluster 1) and a high-service mind group (cluster 2). Cluster 2 had a significantly higher overall customer orientation than cluster 1 (P<0.001). The pride in providing services (${\beta}$=0.390, P<0.01) and the perception of the importance of services (${\beta}$=0.297, P<0.05) showed a significant and positive effect on customer orientation.