• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.699-708
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• 2005

To characterize the elemental composition of fine particles in urban area, $PM_{2.5}$ was collected by a 3-stage DRUM impactor at Gwangju during spring and summer. Time and size resolved concentrations for 19 trace elements were obtained by synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence analysis. Trace elements in summer were distributed in smaller size range compared to those in spring. Almost trace element concentrations in fine particles were highly increased during the Asian dust. In spring, soil elements such as Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe had low enrichment factors indicating the dominant influence of soil dust. However, all elements had high enrichment factors in summer implying that these elements could be emitted from the anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis was conducted with the elemental composition data in order to identify anthropogenic sources of aerosols in urban area during spring and summer. Fine particles in spring have several sources such as soil dust originating from China continental region, coal and oil combustion, biomass burning, sea salt, ferrous and nonferrous metal sources. On the other hand, fine particles in summer were influenced by road dust, gasoline vehicle as well as coal and oil combustion, sea salt, ferrous and nonferrous metal sources.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.307-317
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• 1997

Samples of fine particle $(d_P<2.5 \mum)$ were taken in Chongju area using a dichotomous sampler. The data set was collected on fifty-eight different days with 24 hour sampling period from October 27, 1995 through August 25, 1996. The samples were analyzed using a proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) for Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, M, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb. Values of Fe, Ca, Si, Cu, K and Cl exhibit marked seasonal variations. Mean concentrations for this study had the following order S > Cl > Si > K > Al > Fe on fine particle. Concentrations of Ca, Si and Fe were higher during the spring season compared with any other season. These phenomena may be attributable to soil dust. Cl and K were higher in the winter, which may be explained by combustion of fossil fuel. Higher values for Cu and Zn in the Winter may be due to the combustion and incineration.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제20권E2호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2004

The roadway tunnels in urban areas give rise to problems such as a localized air pollution. Here, we report the results of a case study of an urban roadway tunnel measurement. The size-resolved particle sampling was carried out with a two 2-stage filter pack samplers and an Andersen impactor sampler at the center of Buk-Ak tunnel in November 2001. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was applied to determine the elemental composition of size-resolved particles divided into soluble and insoluble fractions. The Thermal/Optical Reflectance (TOR$^{(R)}$) method was also employed in analyzing of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Mass concentrations of fine (< 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and coarse (> 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) particles are 165 and 48 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$^{-3}$ , respectively. Total elemental mass concentration (the sum of insoluble coarse, soluble coarse, insoluble fine, and soluble fine) is found to be 24$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$^{-3}$ and comprises only 11 % of total particle mass concentration. The concentrations of EC, OC, and mass show the clear dependency on particle size with the maximum between 0.1 and 0.43 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ aerodynamic diameters. Total carbon (sum of EC and OC) accounts for approximately 70% of mass concentration.n.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characteristics of post-harvest biomass burning aerosols from field burning of barley straw in late spring and rice straw in late fall in rural area in Korea. 12-hr integrated intensive sampling of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ biomass burning aerosols had been conducted continuously at Gwangju, Korea 4-15 June 2001 and 8 October-14 November 2002. The fine and coarse particles of biomass burning aerosols were collected for mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species analysis. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of biomass burning aerosols were measured to be 129.6, 24.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in June 2001 and 47.1, 33.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in October to November 2002, respectively. Exceptionally high level of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration up to 157.8 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ well above 24-hour standard was observed during the biomass burning event days under stagnant atmosphere condition. During biomass burning periods dominant ionic species were $Cl^{-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${NH_4}^{+}$ in fine and coarse mode. In the fine mode $Cl^{-}$ and ${KCl}^{+}$ were unusually rich due to the high content of the semiarid vegetation. High OC values and OC/EC ratios were also measured during the biomass burning periods. Increased amount of fine aerosols with high enrichment, which were originated from biomass burning of post-harvest agricultural waste, resulted in extremely severe particulate air pollution and visibility degradation in the region. Particulate matters from open field burning of agricultural wastes cause great adverse impact on local air quality and regional climate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.3651-3656
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• 2012

The size-segregated atmospheric aerosols have been collected at 1100 m site of Mt. Halla in Jeju, a background area in Korea, using 8-stage cascade impact air sampler during Asian dust and non-Asian dust storm periods. Their ionic and elemental species were analyzed, in order to examine the pollution characteristics and composition change between Asian dust and non-Asian dust periods. The major ionic species such as nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4{^+}$, and $K^+$ were predominantly distributed in the fine particles (below $2.1{\mu}m$ diameter), and besides the $NO_3{^-}$ was distributed more in coarse particle fraction than fine particle. On the other hand, the typical soil and marine species i.e., nss-$Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, and $Mg^{2+}$, were mostly existed in the coarse particles (over $2.1{\mu}m$ diameter). As well in the elemental analysis of aerosols, the major soil-originated Al, Fe, Ca, and others showed prominently high concentrations in the coarse particle fraction, whereas the anthropogenic S and Pb were relatively high in the fine particle fraction. From the comparison of aerosol compositions between Asian dust and non-Asian dust periods, the concentrations of the soil-originated species such as nss-$Ca^{2+}$, Al, Ca, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ba, Sr have increased as 2.7-4.2 times during the Asian dust periods. Meanwhile the concentrations of nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ have increased as 1.4 and 2.0 times, and on the contrary $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations have a little bit decreased during the Asian dust periods. Especially the concentrations of both soil-originated ionic and elemental species increased noticeably in the coarse particle mode during the dust storm periods.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.157-160
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• 2003

Phase contents and elemental composition of ultradispersed powders obtained by the electrical explosion of tin-leadalloy powders are investigated. It is demonstrated that during the explosion and subsequent cooling, surface layers of powder particles are enriched in lead compared to the initial alloy. The thermal stability of powders oxidizing in air is also investigated.

• 분석과학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

제주도 고산측정소에서 $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ 미세먼지를 채취하여 주요 성분을 분석한 결과로부터 입경분포 및 오염 특성을 조사하였다. $NH{_4}{^+}$, nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$, $K^+$, $CH_3COO^-$은 대체적으로 미세입자 분포하고, $NO{_3}{^-}$은 조대와 미세입자에 고루 분포하였으나 $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $Mg^{2+}$, nss-$Ca^{2+}$은 대부분 조대입자에 분포되는 경향을 보였다. 황사 시에 조대입자와 미세입자에서 nss-$Ca^{2+}$이 36.7배, 15.0배 증가하고, $NO{_3}{^-}$은 조대입자에서 3.2배, 미세입자에서 3.1 배 높았다. 또 Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, Sr, Ba의 농도도 크게 증가하였다. 연무 시에는 nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO{_3}{^-}$, $NH{_4}{^+}$ 농도가 조대입자에서 1.3~2.6배, 미세입자에서 1.5~4.2배 상승하였고, 특히 미세입자에서 $NO{_3}{^-}$ 농도가 크게 상승하였다. 고산지역 미세입자의 오염원 특성을 조사한 결과, 조대입자는 해염 영향이 가장 크고, 다음으로 토양, 인위적 오염원 순으로 영향을 많이 받았으나 미세입자는 인위적인 오염원 영향이 더 크고, 다음으로 해양과 토양 유입의 영향을 많이 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2014

국내 배경지역인 제주도 한라산 1100 고지에서 2012년 가을철에 $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ 미세먼지를 채취하여 이온 및 원소 성분을 분석한 결과로부터 대기경계층(ABL) 미세먼지의 화학조성과 입자크기별 분포 특성을 조사하였다. $PM_{2.5}$ 미세입자($d_p$ < $2.5{\mu}m$)에서는 2차 오염물질인 nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ 농도가 각각 4.84, 1.98, $1.27{\mu}g/m^3$로 상대적으로 높고, 전체 질량의 58.2%를 차지하였다. 반면에 $PM_{10-2.5}$ 조대입자($2.5{\mu}m$ < $d_p$ < $10{\mu}m$)에서는 이들 세 성분의 농도가 각각 0.63, 0.21, $1.10{\mu}g/m^3$로 전체 질량의 22.8%를 차지하였다. 또 수용성 이온성분들 중 $NH_4{^+}$, nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$, $K^+$, $CH_3COO^-$은 주로 미세입자에 분포하고, $NO_3{^-}$은 미세입자와 조대입자에 고르게 분포하나, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $Mg^{2+}$, nss-$Ca^{2+}$은 조대입자에 더 많이 분포하는 특징을 나타내었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2014

국내 배경지역인 제주도 고산측정소에서 2012~2013년에 대기 미세먼지를 채취하여 분석한 결과로부터 연무와 비현상일의 조성특성을 조사하였다. 연무 시 $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$ 농도는 비현상일에 비해 조대입자에서 2.1~3.7배, 미세입자에서 3.1~6.5배로 미세입자에서 더 높게 증가하였고, 특히 $NO_3{^-}$ 농도가 미세입자에서 6.5배 상승하였다. 원소성분들 중에는 S, Zn, Pb, K 등이 비현상일보다 조대입자에서 3.0~5.6배, 미세입자에서 3.2~7.7배 증가하나 Al, Fe, Ca 등은 대부분 조대입자에서 농도가 크게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 역궤적 분석 결과 연무 시 $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$ 농도는 중국으로부터 유입되었을 때 더 높은 농도를 나타내었고, 특히 기류가 중국남부를 통과했을 때 $NO_3{^-}$ 농도가 더 크게 상승하는 경향을 보였다. 또 $NO_3{^-}/nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ 농도비는 중국에서 기류가 이동했을 때 조대입자에서 상대적으로 높은 비율을 보이나 미세입자에서는 오히려 한반도를 통과했을 때 더 높은 성분비를 나타내었다.