• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.55-83
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacopuncture and bee venom acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis. Methods: We searched for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of pharmacopuncture and bee venom acupuncture on knee osteoarthritis through the electronic databases including Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CiNii, CNKI, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, and OASIS. Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager software and the quality of included studies were assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: A total of 20 articles with 1536 participants were identified. 12 trials about phamacopuncture and 8 trials about bee venom acupuncture showed significant improvement than sham treatment, western medicine treatment, and other Korean medicine treatment such as acupuncture in diverse scales. Six trials reported adverse events. Conclusions: These findings showed certain efficacy and safety of pharmacopuncture and bee venom acupuncture. It would be helpful for patients and Korean medicine doctors in the choice of the treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Well-designed studies with long term follow up and more number of participants should be conducted to strengthen the evidence of the use of pharmacopuncture and bee venom acupuncture.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.209-222
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether upright position is effective in labor through systematic review in randomized controlled trials. Methods: We established the PICO (Patient-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome) strategy, and reviewed 282 literatures from national and international electronic databases, and finally selected 9 references based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We evaluated the quality of references and carried out a meta-analysis. Results: The maternal outcomes showed that the duration of their second-stage labor was 2.29 minutes shorter than that of the women in the recumbent position, and were less likely to have episiotomy. The other outcomes, including the mode of delivery, blood loss, hemoglobin level, use of oxytocin, use of analgesics, and perineal laceration, did not differ between the groups. The fetal heart rate abnormality occurred less than in the control group. The Apgar scores of the groups did not differ. Conclusion: There is evidence that an upright position in the second stage of labor reduces the duration of the second stage of labor, the incidence of episiotomy, and an abnormal fetal heart rate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.867-872
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• 2016

Background: Esophageal cancer is one of the most serious malignancies. Due to the aggressive nature of this cancer, the prognosis is poor. A network meta-analysis with simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments can help determine better treatment options that have higher effects on overall survival of patients with lower adverse events. The aim of this review is to simultaneously compare efficacy and adverse events of treatment interventions for esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: In this review, only randomized control trials (RCT) will be considered for network meta-analysis. All international electronic databases including Medline, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Cochran's library, EMBASE and Cancerlit will be searched to find randomized control trials which compared two or more treatment interventions for esophageal cancer. A network plot will be drawn for visual representation of all available treatment interventions. Bayesian approach will be used to combine the direct and indirect evidence. Treatment effects (e.g. hazard ratio for time to event outcomes, risk ratio for binary outcomes, and rate ratio for count outcomes with 95% credible interval) will be reported. Moreover, cumulative probability of the treatment ranks will be reported using the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) graphs. Consistency assumption will be assessed by the loop-specific and design-by-treatment interaction approaches. Conclusions: The results of this study may be helpful for the patients, clinicians and health policy makers in selecting treatments that have the best effect on survival and lowest adverse events.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6643-6647
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• 2014

The breast and the thyroid are hormone responsive organs that are closely related with changes of endocrine function and glandular disease. An association between thyroid disorders and breast cancer (BC) risk has been suggested, although the results are inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to summarize evidence supporting a relationship between BC and the level of thyroid hormones and antibodies. The MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2014. The pooled effects were presented as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using fixed or random effect models. We summarized the results of 8 cross-sectional studies with 4, 189 participants. The overall pooled results showed that the levels of $FT_3$ and $FT_4$ were significantly increased in patients with BC (WMD=1.592 pmol/l; 95% CI: 0.15-3.033 and WMD=0.461 ng/dl; 95% CI: 0.015-0.906; p=0.043). The TPOAb level in patients with BC was higher than that in the control group (WMD=81.4 IU/ml; 95% CI: 78.7-84.0; p=0.000). The overall pooled results of the TgAb with random effects analyses showed that the TgAb level was significantly increased in patients with BC (WMD=101.3 IU/ml; 95% CI: 48.7-153.9; p=0.000). The present results indicated that the serum levels of $FT_3$, TPOAb and TgAb are significantly higher in patients with breast cancer than in healthy controls.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.51-58
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• 2019

Purpose - Prior studies reported that the opacity of information caused stock price crash. If managers fail to disclose unfavorable information about the firm over a long period of time, the stock price is overvalued compared to its original value. If the accumulated information reaches a critical point and spreads quickly to the market, the stock price plunges. Information management by management's disclosure policy can cause information uncertainty, which will lead to a plunge in stock prices in the future. Thus, this study aims at examining the impact of disclosure quality on crash risk by focusing on the unfaithful disclosure firms. Research design, data, and methodology - This study covers firms listed on KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2004 to 2013. Firms excluded from the sample are non-December firms, capital-eroding firms, and financial firms. The financial data used in the research was extracted from the KIS-Value and TS2000 database. Unfaithful disclosure firm designation data was collected from the Korea Exchange's electronic disclosure system (kind.krx.co.kr). Stock crash is measured as a dummy variable that equals one if a firm experiences at least one crash week over the fiscal year, and zero otherwise. Results - Empirical results as to the relation between unfaithful disclosure corporation designation and stock price crashes are as follows: There was a significant positive association between unfaithful disclosure corporation designation and stock price crash. This result supports the hypothesis that firms that have previously exhibited unfaithful disclosure behavior are more likely to suffer stock price plunges due to information asymmetry. Second, stock price crashes due to unfaithful disclosures are more likely to occur in Chaebol firms. Conclusions - While previous studies used estimates as a proxy for information opacity, this study used an objective measure such as unfaithful disclosure corporation designation. The designation by Korea Exchange is an objective evidence that the firm attempted to conceal and distort information in the previous year. The results of this study suggest that capital market investors need to investigate firms' disclosure behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2001

The information technology(IT) development of telecommunication, along with the information analyzation over the world, enables the firms to process their inner and outer operations through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system. And the concept of logistics has become more important to the enterprises in strategic sense because it had aggrandized itself to more comprehensive and integrative concept. Also the world shipping market is more competitive than any other market. In these environment, to maintain competitive power, shipping firms process operations by Logistics Information system(LIS), And then, reduce the working processes, working time and its costs. So the LIS has become more important in developing our national logistics system and industry. Therefore, this study purposes on empirically analyzing the activation factors of shipping LIS and the relationship these, factors with logistic performances in the shipping industry. Considering environments of Shipping logistics information system, this study sets up the research model and hypothesis to examine the activation factors of shipping LIS and the relationship these factors with logistic performances. We used the field data on the 163 numbers of firms(29 overseas shipping companies and 133 forwarding Agency) to get the empirical evidence. According to the study results, The shipping LIS activation factors which the sample firms recognized as important: were top managers support, well structured communication channel, strategic plans connection and inner information analyzation level. And IS organization & human resources, IS discipline & training, software development, IS organizational alignment, database management system, information standardization, competitive advantage, financial support and government support represent partially significant. Also, the current shipping LISs main problems are expensive system cost, standardization of working processs, institutions imperfection and systems interaction defect. So these problems must be improved to activate shipping LIS.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

Objectives We attempted to investigate the trends of Korean Medical treatments for neck pain caused by whiplash injury by analyzing domestic clinical studies. Methods We searched for studies listed on Korean electronic databases (KTKP, OASIS, RISS, KMbase, NDSL, KCI, and National Assembly Library). Clinical studies were chosen according to the inclusion criteria. Subsequently, we compared and analyzed the data. Results The search yielded 35 studies, of which there were 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 15 non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs), 6 case reports, and 2 before-after studies. Among these, 54.7% of participants were in the acute stage of the damage period. Pharmacopuncture was used the most in main treatment methods. Only 14.3% of studies mentioned approval by an institutional review board (IRB) and only 8.6% of studies considered side effects. Conclusions There is some evidence that Korean Medical treatment is effective for neck pain caused by whiplash injury. Since all studies, however, were exposed to the risk of bias. Therefore, future studies of a higher quality are required.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2017

Objectives To summarize and evaluate the efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) treatment for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD). Methods Eight electronic databases were searched from their inception to August 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of TCHM treatment for AAD were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Data analysis was performed using RevMan software version 5.3. Results Seventeen RCTs involving 1138 patients with AAD were included for qualitative synthesis. TCHM treatment improved total effective rate (TER). However, the results that TER in experimental group was significantly higher than in control group were different between the included studies. TCHM enema treatment improved TER, but not significantly higher than control group. The most frequently used herbal formulas were Gamiwekwanjeon, Gamiinsampaedoksan, and Samryungbaekchulsan. The most frequently used TCHMs were Atractylodes macrocephala (Bai Zhu), Dioscorea batatas (Shan Yao). Within the studies documenting the adverse events, no serious adverse events associated with TCHM treatment were observed. Conclusions Evidence of TCHM treatment efficacy for AAD is encouraging, but not conclusive, because of the low methodological qualities, diversity of TCHM treatment prescriptions. Further well-designed RCTs with rigorous randomization and blinding method are needed to confirm these results.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this review is to analyze the study tendency in papers on Gyejibokryeong-hwan had been published in Korea from 1990 to 2014. Methods : We searched the four electronic database(NSDL, RISS, Korean traditional knowledge portal, OASIS) and checked relevant Korean journals from 1990 to 2014. We classified the papers by publication date, speciality, study method, and field of study, and analysed the study tendency. Results : After analyzing the papers, these results are revealed : 1. 2.12 papers were published annually on average. 2. As for the speciality of the journal, most of the papers were published in Traditional Korean Medicine, and a few were in Pharmacology. 3. As for the study method, in vitro was 32%, in vivo was 30%, and clinical case was 21%, 4. As for the subject of the studies, beneficial effect was 86%, toxicity was 8%, safety, stability and qualitative analysis was 2% each. 5. As for the studies about effectiveness on the diseases, 30% at gynecologic disease and 30% at vascular disease like arteriosclerosis. There were new studies for a variety of fields like cancer, urologic, and musculoskeletal diseases. Conclusions : These results suggest that Gyejibokryeong-hwan can be used as cure medicine, but there are not sufficient evidence based papers, so there should be further studies in order to establish Gyejibokryeong-hwan as a cure medicine.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2015

By the trends of electronic package to be smaller, thinner and more integrative, organic printed circuit board is required to be finer Cu trace pitch. This paper reports on a study of failure mechanism for PCB with fine Cu trace pitch using biased HAST. In weibull analysis of the biased HAST lifetime, it is found that the acceleration factor (AF) of between $135^{\circ}C/90%RH/3.3V$ and $130^{\circ}C/85%RH/3.3V$ is 2.079. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the failure mode. It is found that $Cu_xO/Cu(OH)_2$ colloids and Cu dendrites were formed at anode (+) and at cathode (-), respectively. Thus, this gives the evidence that Cu dendrites formed at cathode by $Cu^{2+}$ ion migration lead to a short failure between a pair of Cu nets.