• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 1991

Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent malignant tumor in the United States and fourth most frequent tumor in Korea. Surgery has been used as a primary treatment modality but reported overall survivals after curative resection were from $20\%\;to\;50\%$. Local recurrence is the most common failure in the treatment of locally advanced colorectal cancer. Once recurrence has developed, surgery has rarely the role and the five year survival of locally advanced rectal cancer is less than $5\%$, in spite of massive combination therapy. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with or without external beam irradiation has been advocated for reducing local recurrence and improving survival. The recent report of local failure by this modality was only $5\%$, this indicated that significant improvement of local control could be achieved. We performed 6 cases of IORT for locally advanced colorectal cancer which is the first experience in Korea. Patient's eligibility, treatment applicator, electron energy, dose distribution on the surface and depth within the treatment field and detailed skills are discussed. We hope that our IORT protocol can reduce local failure and increase the long term survival significantly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.289-289
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• 2013

While there are plenty of studies on synthesizing semiconducting germanium nanowires (Ge NWs) by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process, it is difficult to inject dopants into them with uniform dopants distribution due to vapor-solid (VS) deposition. In particular, as precursors and dopants such as germane ($GeH_4$), phosphine ($PH_3$) or diborane ($B_2H_6$) incorporate through sidewall of nanowire, it is hard to obtain the structural and electrical uniformity of Ge NWs. Moreover, the drastic tapered structure of Ge NWs is observed when it is synthesized at high temperature over $400^{\circ}C$ because of excessive VS deposition. In 2006, Emanuel Tutuc et al. demonstrated Ge NW pn junction using p-type shell as depleted layer. However, it could not be prevented from undesirable VS deposition and it still kept the tapered structures of Ge NWs as a result. Herein, we adopt $C_2H_2$ gas in order to passivate Ge NWs with carbon sheath, which makes the entire Ge NWs uniform at even higher temperature over $450^{\circ}C$. We can also synthesize non-tapered and uniformly doped Ge NWs, restricting incorporation of excess germanium on the surface. The Ge NWs with carbon sheath are grown via VLS process on a $Si/SiO_2$ substrate coated 2 nm Au film. Thin Au film is thermally evaporated on a $Si/SiO_2$ substrate. The NW is grown flowing $GeH_4$, HCl, $C_2H_2$ and PH3 for n-type, $B_2H_6$ for p-type at a total pressure of 15 Torr and temperatures of $480{\sim}500^{\circ}C$. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals clear surface of the Ge NWs synthesized at $500^{\circ}C$. Raman spectroscopy peaked at about ~300 $cm^{-1}$ indicates it is comprised of single crystalline germanium in the core of Ge NWs and it is proved to be covered by thin amorphous carbon by two peaks of 1330 $cm^{-1}$ (D-band) and 1590 $cm^{-1}$ (G-band). Furthermore, the electrical performances of Ge NWs doped with boron and phosphorus are measured by field effect transistor (FET) and they shows typical curves of p-type and n-type FET. It is expected to have general potentials for development of logic devices and solar cells using p-type and n-type Ge NWs with carbon sheath.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.502-506
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• 2014

Recently nano particles have proven for wide array of bioactive properties. In the present study, antibacterial properties of chitosan silver nano composites (CAgNCs) were investigated against fish pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CAgNCs against E. tarda were $25{\mu}g/mL$ and $125{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) image of CAgNCs treated E. tarda showed the strongly damaged bacteria cells than non-treated bacteria. Furthermore, treatment of CAgNCs induced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in E. tarda cells in concentration and time dependent manner suggesting that it may generate oxidative stress leading to bacterial cell death. In addition, MTT assay results showed that the lowest cell viability at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of CAgNCs treated E. tarda. Overall results of this study suggest that CAgNCs is a potential antibacterial agent to control pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.379-383
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• 2012

$TiO_2$ thin films consisting of positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA) and negatively charged titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide(TALH) were successfully fabricated on glass beads by a layer-by-layer(LBL) self-assembly method. The glass beads used here showed a positive charge in an acid range and negative charge in an alkaline range. The glass beads coated with the coating sequence of(PDDA/TALH)n showed a change in the surface morphology as a function of the number of bilayers. When the number of bilayers(n) of the(PDDA/TALH) thin film was 20, Ti element was observed on the surface of the coated glass beads. The thin films coated onto the glass beads had a main peak of the (101) crystal face and were highly crystallized with XRD diffraction peaks of anatase-type $TiO_2$ according to an XRD analysis. In addition, the $TiO_2$ thin films showed photocatalytic properties such that they could decompose a methyl orange solution under illumination with UV light. As the number of bilayers of the(PDDA/TALH) thin film increased, the photocatalytic property of the $TiO_2$-coated glass beads increased with the increase in the thin film thickness. The surface morphologies and optical properties of glass beads coated with $TiO_2$ thin films with different coating numbers were measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and by UV-Vis spectrophotometry(UV-vis).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2016

In this study, nano-micelled curcumin was produced with natural sea salt with a view to comparing the in silico molecular binding affinity of pure curcumin compound to the active site of transthyretin. Using an optical light microscope and an electron microscope, it was found that the structure of the surface and the cross-section of nano-micelled curcumin was significantly different from natural sea salt. In particular, the crystal structure and nano-components in the nano-micelled curcumin were united, and the layer was more strongly stabilized than untreated salts. In the virtual 3D structure, in silico molecular docking study, the ligand binding affinity of nano-micelled curcumin to the transthyretin active site was found to be higher than that of pure curcumin. In addition, a nano-micelled curcumin formula interacted with more amino acid residues of transthyretin domains. The pharmacophore feature of the nano-micelled curcumin also showed more condensed and constrained features than normal curcumin. These results suggest that nano-micelled curcumin may effectively bind to and stabilize transthyretin, thereby regulating transthyretin-related physiological diseases. Collectively, the nano-micelled curcumin process suggests that normal curcumin can be modified more efficiently into the novel bio-functional chemical formula to stabilize the transthyretin structure. Therefore, the nano-micelled curcumin process can be applied to the field of the regulation of Alzheimer's disease.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.274-280
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• 2014

Polysulfone (PSf) hollow fiber membranes were prepared via the nonsolvent induced phase separation technique. The cosolvent of ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone (GBL) was added to the polymer solution containing a mixture of PSf and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Water was utilized as a precipitation nonsolvent. The morphology of prepared membranes was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy. The fabricated membrane showed a typical asymmetric structure such as the dense layer on the porous support layer by the addition of GBL to the polymer solution. As the concentration of GBL increased, the asymmetric porous structure was shown to be more intensified. It was thought that the added GBL played a role of enhancing the liquid-liquid phase separation of the polymer solution, since the cosolvent of GBL might change the thermodynamic solubility parameter of the doping solution. Permeation properties through the prepared hollow fiber membranes were characterized by measuring the pure water flux and the solute rejection using $0.05{\mu}m$ polystyrene latex (PSL) beads. Experimental results revealed that the use of PEG as the internal coagulant enhanced the pure water flux up to 130 times compared to the use of EG while the rejection of the PSL beads decreased only 5%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 2020

Hair is made of proteins containing various amino acids. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is believed to be responsible for the most damaging effects of sunlight, and also plays an important role in hair aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in morphological and chemical structures after ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of human hair. The UVB-irradiated hair showed characteristic morphological and structural changes, compared to those of the normal hair. The result from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray diffractometer (EDX) showed that the scale of UV-irradiated hair appeared to be rough and the amount of oxygen element was higher than that of the normal hair. Fluorescence and three dimensional (3D) topographical images were obtained by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In 3D images, the green emission intensity of normal hair was much higher than that of fluorescing UVB-irradiated hair. The intensity of green emission reflects the intrinsic fluorescence of hair protein. Also, a fluorescent imaging method using fluorescamine reagent was used to identify the free amino groups resulting from a peptide bond breakage in UVB-irradiated hair. Strong blue fluorescence of UVB-irradiated hair, which indicates a very high level of amino groups, was observed by CLSM. Therefore, the fluorescamine as an extrinsic fluorescence could provide a useful tool to identify the peptide bond breakage in UVB-irradiated hair. Infrared image mapping was also employed to assess the cross-sections of normal and UVB-irradiated specimens to examine the oxidation of disulfide bonds. The degree of peak areas with strong absorbance for the disulfide mono-oxide was spread from the outside to the inside of hair. The spectroscopic techniques used alone, or in combination, launch new possibilities in the field of hair cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.92-95
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• 2016

Ultra-high pressure (UHP) was applied to glutinous rice (Dongjin) and brown rice (Shindongjin) to determine its effects on the textural characteristics of cooked rice and bacterial reduction in uncooked rice. Hardness and stickiness of the cooked glutinous and brown rice pretreated with 500 MPa for 5 min were significantly attenuated compared to that of the control rice (p<0.05). After the UHP treatment, particles of the glutinous and brown rice were observed to be finer when cross sections of the rice were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope. The total bacterial count in the brown rice treated with 600 MPa for 5 min was reduced from $10^7CFU/g$ to $10^4CFU/g$, while the number of thermoduric bacteria in the brown rice was not significantly different after the UHP treatment. These results suggest that UHP may be an effective method for improving texture of dried rice and to reduce bacterial count in raw rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.888-895
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• 2015

For effective utilization of butter clam shell as a natural calcium resource, the optimal conditions for preparation of calcium acetate (BCCA) with high solubility were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The polynomial models developed by RSM for pH, solubility, and yield were highly effective in describing the relationships between factors (P<0.05). Increased molar ratio of calcined powder (BCCP) from butter clam shell led to reduction of solubility, yield, color values, and overall quality. Critical values of multiple response optimization to independent variables were 2.70 M and 1.05 M for acetic acid and BCCP, respectively. The actual values (pH 7.04, 93.0% for solubility and 267.5% for yield) under optimization conditions were similar to predicted values. White indices of BCCAs were in the range of 89.7~93.3. Therefore, color value was improved by calcination and organic acid treatment. Buffering capacity of BCCAs was strong at pH 4.88 to 4.92 upon addition of ~2 mL of 1 N HCl. Calcium content and solubility of BCCAs were 20.7~22.8 g/100 g and 97.2~99.6%, respectively. The patterns of fourier transform infrared spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer analyses from BCCA were identified as calcium acetate monohydrate, and microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscope showed an irregular form.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.125-126
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• 2010

플라즈마 아킹은 PECVD, 플라즈마 식각 그리고 토카막과 같은 플라즈마를 이용하는 여러 공정과 연구 분야에서 문제점을 야기시켜왔다. 하지만, 이에 대한 연구는 아킹 현상의 불규칙성과 과도적인 행동으로 인해 미비한 상태이다. 특히, RF 방전에서의 아킹 연구는 DC 방전에서의 아킹 연구에 비해 많이 부족한 것이 현실이다. 플라즈마 아킹은 집단전자방출(collective electron emission)에 의한 스파크 방전(spark discharge)현상이다. 집단전자방출은 전계방출(field emission)이나 플라즈마와 쉬스를 두고 인접한 표면위에서의 유전분극(dielec emission)에 의해 발생한다. 이렇게 방출된 집단 전자들은 쉬스에서 가속되어 에너지를 얻게 되고 원자와의 충돌로 전자 아발란체를 일으킨다. 이렇게 배가된 전자들은 아킹 스트리머(arcing streamer)를 형성하게 되고 아킹 발생 시 높은 전류와 공정 실패의 원인이 된다. 우리는 $30cm{\times}20cm$ 크기의 사각 전극을 위 아래로 가진 챔버에서 Ar 가스를 RF(13.56 MHz)파워를 이용해 방전시켰다. 방전 전압과 전류는 파워 전극 압단에서 High voltage probe (Tektronix P6015A)와 Current probe (TCPA300 + TCP312)를 이용해 측정했다. 플라즈마 아킹시 변하는 플라즈마 플로팅 포텐셜은 챔버 중앙에 위치한 랑뮈프 프로브에 의해 측정되고 챔버 옆의 뷰포트 앞에 위치한 PM-tube를 이용해 아킹시 변하는 광량을 측정한다. RF 방전에서의 플라즈마 아킹은 아킹시 플로팅 포텐셜의 변화에 의해 크게 세부분으로 나눌 수 있다. 아킹 발생과 동시에 급격히 감소하는 감소부분 (약 2us) 그리고 감소한 포텐셜이 유지되는 유지부분 (약 0~10ms) 그리고 감소했던 포텐셜이 서서히 원래 상태로 회복되는 회복부분(약 100 us)이다. 아킹 초기시 방출된 집단 전자들과 원자들간의 충돌에 의해 형성된 아킹 스트리머는 플라즈마 전체를 단락시키게 되고 이로 인해 플로팅 포텐셜은 급격히 감소하게 된다. 이렇게 감소한 플로팅 포텐셜은 아킹 스트리머가 유지되는 한 계속 감소한 상태를 유지하게 된다. 그리고 플라즈마를 섭동했던 아킹 스트리머가 중단되면 플라즈마는 섭동전의 원래 상태로 돌아가려 하기 때문에 플로팅 포텐셜은 서서히 증가하면서 원래 상태로 회복된다. 플라즈마 아킹 발생시 생성되는 아킹 스트리머는 순간적으로 많은 전자들을 국소적으로 생성하게 되고 이 전자들에 의해 광량이 순간적으로 증가하게 된다. PM-tube (750.4 nm)에 의해 측정된 아킹시 광량은 정상방전 상태의 두배 가량이 된다. 그리고 이 순간적으로 증가된 광량은 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하게 되고 정상방전 일때의 광량이 된다. 광량이 증가한 후 정상방전 상태의 광량에 이르는 부분은 플로팅 포텐셜이 감소한 상태에서 유지되는 부분과 일치하고 이는 플로팅 포텐셜의 유지부분동안 아킹 스트리머가 발생하고 있다는 간접적인 증거가 된다. 그리고 정상 방전 상태 일때의 광량이 되면 아킹 스트리머가 중단되었다는 것이므로 그 시점부터 플로팅 포텐셜은 정산 방전상태 일 때의 포텐셜로 복구되기 시작한다. 이처럼 PM-tube를 이용한 아킹 광량 측정은 아킹 스트리머를 간접적으로 측정하게 하고 아킹 스트리머를 이용해 아킹시의 플로팅 포텐셜의 변화를 설명하게 해 준다. 응용적인 측면에서 아킹 광량 측정을 이용한 아킹 판독은 방전 전류와 방전 전압과 같은 전기적 신호를 이용한 아킹 판독에 비해 여러가지 장점을 가진다. 우선, 전기적 신호를 이용한 아킹 판독처럼 매칭 회로나 플라즈마를 섭동시키지 않는다. 그리고 원하는 부분의 아킹만을 판독하는 것도 가능하며 photo-diode를 이용할 경우 전기적 신호를 이용하는 것에 비해 경제적으로 유리하다.