• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.242-250
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• 2021

The subjects of this study were 514 people aged 65 and older who voluntarily participated in the senior welfare center in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between muscular strength, cognitive function, activities of daily living, depression variables of elderly people in a comprehensive evaluation. As for the data collection methods, were measured the upper and lower body strength, grip strength(left, right), cognitive function(mini-mental state examination, trail marking test, digit span test, stroop test), activities of daily living and depression was measured using a questionnaire. The results are as follows First, there was a statistically significant correlation between the elderly's muscular strength, cognitive function, daily living ability, and depression. Second, the statistical significance was found among all the variables as a result of the analysis of the elderly's integrated muscular strength, cognitive function, activities of daily living and depression. This study can provide basic data for successful aging and independent retirement life of the elderly by confirming the relationship between the elderly's muscular strength, cognitive function, Activities of daily living, and depression.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of verifying the effectiveness of the duocock exercise, which is being utilized at the newly developed site to promote balance maintenance, basic physical strength and muscle strength among various age groups, in order to prevent fall and successfully age. Method: In this study, we conducted the duocock Exercise Program for 12 weeks (twice a week for an hour) for 10 senior citizens aged 65 or older (68.8±4.76 yrs, height: 15±6.00 cm) using Western-based health institutions in Daejeon, and compared the pre- and post- effects on basic physical strength and posture balance. All the data obtained from this study were used in statistical program SPSS 24 to perform paired t-test. The significance level for all statistical analyses was set at the level of p<0.05. Results: The 12 week duocock program showed statistically significant improvements in lower extremity muscle strength, equilibrium, agility, balance, and coordination in the basic fitness factors underlying successful aging (p<0.05). In addition, the trunk imbalance, which acts as a factor of falls and body balance, was statistically significant (p<0.05) and the posture balance of the sagittal plane also showed the effect of proper body adjustment. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, duocock provides a new exercise program in the form of a sustainable sport as a two-handed exercise, and is very effective for the elderly to improve their basic physical strength as well as to control postural imbalances, strengthen and increase muscle strength.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of multisensory exercise on foot pressure sensitivity and balance for the elderly. Method : The subjects were 17 elderly women (11 for the experimental group and 6 for the control group) with a mean age of 83. The subjects all lived in senior residence centers in Seoul. Multisensory exercise was done twice a week for 40 minutes during a 12 week period. Exercise programs were changed every 3 weeks according to the principal of gradual progress of the exercise. In order to train the vision system subjects were asked to open and close their eyes during exercise. When it came to training the vestibular system, subjects stood and walked on high elastic mats with their bare feet. For the somatasensory system subjects always stood and walked with their bare feet. The sub-Metatarsal Pad Elasticity Acquisition Instrument (MPEAI) was used to measure foot pressure sensitivity. MFT Balance test (V1.7) was used to measure anterior / posterior and medial / lateral directional balance. For the statistical analysis the IBM SPSS 21.0 was used to perform Repeatde measured ANOVA and Wilcoxon ranked test. Results : For the multisensory exercise group Hallux (after 6 weeks, 12 weeks), heel (after 6 weeks) and 2nd Metartarsal $40^{\circ}$ (after 6 weeks) pressure sensitivity increased statistically, but the control group didn't change. Also, balance didn't change for the experimental and control group statistically. Conclusion : Exercise with bare feet on a high elastic mat had a partially positive effect on foot sensitivity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effect of gait time on the gait patterns in elderly female OA and non-OA patients. The intensity of the subjects joint pain was surveyed by using WOMAC. Twelve subjects participated in this study. Measurements were taken for every the 10 minutes for 30 minutes after walking by a force plate. The following variables were recorded; double stance support time, Fx, Fy, Fx_time, Fz and so on. From the investigation of these variables the following was observed and concluded. The Fz values for the OA group was 1.01BW at the start and after 30 minutes was 1.04BW on the other hand the non-OA group's Fz1 was 1.08BW and 1.10BW. There was no significant difference calculated between the two groups and at the start and end of the experiment about all the variables. Therefore, it is concluded that there was no negative effect caused by walking for the 30 minutes and that it was an effective way of strengthen both respiratory and muscle function.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on gait parameters in elderly women with osteoarthritis. Method: The subjects of this study were 11 elderly women (age: $67.09{\pm}2.47$, height: $157.35{\pm}4.30cm$, weight: $62.49{\pm}6.36kg$) with knee osteoarthritis. The combined exercise program of this study was divided into aerobic exercise and lower extremity strengthening exercises. The exercises were performed for 60 minutes per session, three times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. The maximum joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle joints with walking were obtained with 8-3D cameras (MX-T20, Vicon, USA) and 2-force plate (AMTI OR6-7-400, AMTI, USA). SPSS Windows version 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. A paired t-test was used for pre-post comparison. An alpha level of .05 was utilized in all tests. Results: The maximum extension moment was significantly higher in the hip joint after P1 on the X axis. The maximum joint moment of P3 in extension was statistically significantly lower after intervention. On the Z axis, the maximum joint moment was significantly lower after the exercise intervention at P3. There was a statistically significant increase in the extension moment of the left and right knee joints in the X axis after exercise intervention. In the right ankle joint, P1 (plantar flexion moment) showed a statistically significant high moment after exercise intervention. Conclusion: These results suggest that combined exercise, including lower limb and aerobic exercise, may have a positive effect on mobility and walking moments in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.703-714
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of combined exercise on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in sarcopenic obesity elderly women. The subjects for the study were 21 obesity elderly women over 65 years old . They were divided into two groups, the sarcopenic obesity group(n=9) and non-sarcopenic obesity group(n=12). The variables of body composition and cardiovascular fitness were measured in all the subjects before and after 16-week combined exercise. All data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and paired t-test by using SPSS 18.0. The findings of this study were as follows; 1. Effects on body composition The relationship between sarcopenia and body composition were only significant for the group ${\times}$ time interaction in FFM. In the sarcopenic obesity elderly women, % body fat significantly decreased and sarcopenia reduced by 30%, but there were no significant changes in the FFM and ASM. On the other hand, the non-sarcopenic obesity elderly women significantly decreased % body fat and significantly increased FFM and ASM. 2. Effects on cardiovascular fitness Both groups significantly increased V˙ O2peak. The most important finding in this study was that sarcopenic obesity elderly women showed delayed effects of a 16-week combined exercise on FFM and ASM compared to the non-sarcopenic obesity elderly women. However, the further studies might need to confirm these results with both genders, different age groups, and various exercise types.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2016

Objective: Pilates is a low/mid-intensity exercise that can be easily performed by elderly individuals as it is an individual body-oriented exercise. It is also a cardio workout that can be performed anywhere to develop strength and flexibility. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8 week Pilates program on the balancing ability of elderly individuals. Method: The research participants were selected from elderly residents in B city. Ten individuals voluntarily signed an agreement to undergo free measurements as well as to participate in the workout program. (Height: $157.1{\pm}11.9cm$, Weight: $61.7{\pm}8.0kg$). The Pilates exercise was performed 60 minutes a day, three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The measurement variables used to test balance were the vestibular test, 5 m habitual and maximum walk test and 3 m tandem walk test. A series of paired t-test were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 to analyze all the research data collected in order to determine the balance ability of the participants before and after the Pilates program. Additionally, the statistically significant level for all analysis was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: In the vestibular test, some meaningful changes were observed in the length envelope area (ENV) while standing on one foot, but there were no significant differences in the ENV, rectangle(REC), root mean square, and total length. Results also revealed that statistically significant differences existed in the 5 m habitual and maximum walk test, as well as the 3 m tandem walk test. Conclusion: To summarize the findings, the 8 week Pilates program employed in this study significantly improved the dynamic balance of the elderly participants. Thus, elderly individuals that frequent perform Pilates are expected to enjoy positive benefits such as increased balance and fewer falling accidents.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.331-340
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in body composition, upper and lower limb muscle strength, and functional physical ability in urban-dwelling elderly women with or without obesity. Methods: All study participants were assigned to the normal weight group (n=8, BMI<25) and the obesity group (n=7, BMI>25) based on their obesity rate. Anthropometric measurement was conducted and body composition was measured. For the upper and lower limb strength, grip strength and maximal isometric knee extension and flexion were evaluated by a dynamometer. The senior fitness test was performed to measure functional ability. Data analysis was conducted by the independent t-test and the alpha level was set at 0.05. Results: The waist, hips, and thighs of obese elderly women were thicker than those of normal-weight elderly women. This physical difference resulted from body fat mass, not muscle mass. Despite a similar level of limb muscle mass between the two groups, the upper limb grip strength was higher (24.00% for left, 19.95% for right) in the normal-weight women than the obese women (p<0.05), but otherwise there was no difference in maximal knee flexion or extension isometric strength. Functional physical ability showed no difference in a 30-second chair sit and stand test and a six-minute walk test, but a 30-second arm-curl (11.00% for left, 14.81% for right), back stretch (8.54cm for left, 8.99cm for right), chair sit and reach (9.22cm for left, 6.24cm for right), and 2.44 meter round trip walk (0.62 sec, 9.39%) were faster in performance for normal-weight elderly women than obese elderly women (p<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, despite similar levels of upper and lower extremity muscle mass, normal-weight elderly women showed higher performance in upper limb strength, flexibility, and agility than obese elderly women, but there was no difference in lower extremity functional muscle strength and cardiopulmonary endurance.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

Background and Purpose: The effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions on functional brain changes in older adults remain unclear. This preliminary study aimed to explore the effect of physical exercise intervention (PEI), including HIIT, on cognitive function, physical performance, and electroencephalogram patterns in Korean elderly people. Methods: We enrolled six non-dementia participants aged >65 years from a community health center. PEI was conducted at the community health center for 4 weeks, three times/week, and 50 min/day. PEI, including HIIT, involved aerobic exercise, resistance training (muscle strength), flexibility, and balance. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for data analysis. Results: After the PEI, there was improvement in the 30-second sit-to-stand test result (16.2±7.0 times vs. 24.8±5.5 times, p=0.027), 2-minute stationary march result (98.3±27.2 times vs. 143.7±36.9 times, p=0.027), T-wall response time (104.2±55.8 seconds vs.71.0±19.4 seconds, p=0.028), memory score (89.6±21.6 vs. 111.0±19.1, p=0.028), executive function score (33.3±5.3 vs. 37.0±5.1, p=0.046), and total Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment score (214.6±30.6 vs. 241.6±22.8, p=0.028). Electroencephalography demonstrated that the beta power in the frontal region was increased, while the theta power in the temporal region was decreased (all p<0.05). Conclusions: Our HIIT PEI program effectively improved cognitive function, physical fitness, and electroencephalographic markers in elderly individuals; thus, it could be beneficial for improving functional brain activity in this population.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2007

This study is that the elderly female patients having low back pain(34 people) show a change of stabilization ratio after isotonic rehabilitation of 4 types(before exercise, after 4weeks, 8weeks, 12weeks). Under the cover of lumbar extension machine, isometric extension strength and stabilization ratio is measured and analyzed at some flexion angles(the degree of $0^{\circ}$, $12^{\circ}$, $24^{\circ}$, $36^{\circ}$, $48^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $72^{\circ}$). The conclusion is as follows. 1. The maximum lumbar extension strength at a range of 7 angles have an increase of 73.92% in case of 12weeks isotonic exercise(p<.001). 2. After 12weeks exercise, the lumbar flexion angle maximum extension strength, have an higher increase than 54% on the average at all angles(p<.001). These statistically show a meaningful increase of muscular strength. 3. After 12weeks isotonic exercise, the lumbar stabilization ratio have a decrease of 50.27% at a statistically meaningful level(p<.001). In case of 12weeks exercise comparing with 8weeks, the stabilization ratio decrease at the level of 1.85 versus 1. This figure is similar to that of a normal person. In view of this study, 12weeks exercise for the elderly female patients having low back pain has much influence on the change of lumbar stabilization ratio and this is the scientifically verified result of a long term exercise.