• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.445-454
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obese index among body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC) and to determine which is the best in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Korean elderly more than 65 ages. Data from the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey were used (n=1017). Anthropometric indices and CVD risk factors were measured, and chi-square test, analysis of variance following duncan's multiple range test, partial correlation analysis, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were used in the analysis. Anthropometric values were decreased in both male and female when ages were goes up. In female elderly, it specially showed the characteristics of upper body fat and systolic blood pressure risk (p<0.05). Among life style factors the current smokers were prevalent in obese male (p<0.05), but not prevalent in female having obese or upper body fat. Also, person with upper body obesity have more exercise than that of normal group (p<0.01). Mean BMI values of the current smoker was lower than that of normal group in both sexes (p<0.01). Mean BMI value of person with other risk factors were higher than that of normal groups (p<0.05). Among 7 CVD risk factors in partial correlation analysis, WC had the highest correlation coefficient in 5 in male, whereas BMI in 4 in female. In ROC analyses of 12 risk factors and health conditions, the largest area under curve of obese indices for risk factors were WC>WHR>BMI in male and BMI>WHR>WC in female. The optimal cutoff values of each index (BMI : WHR : WC) for one or more risk factors were 19.02 : 0.84 : 71.3 in male and 19.04 : 0.88 : 85.6 in female. In conclusion, Most Korean elderly showed non-obese and abdominal obesity likewise other Asians. Also CVD risk factors were prevalent in Korean elderly within normal limits of obese indices. Therefore the upper body fat indices reflected in the aged whose muscle mass is replaced by fat must be used as an indicator of CVD risk together with BMI. Although WHR was the worst index based on partial correlation analysis and so located between BMI and WC in ROC curve analysis in both sexes, it need to be use with WC to screen the cardiovascular risk group.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2007

Objective : Obesity has been considered to be associated with numerous physical, mental and psychological diseases. Depression, which is a major psychological factor affecting occurrence and treatment of obesity, can be a cause of obesity as well as can be triggered by obesity. This study aimed to find out the need of positive consideration to the existence of depressive mood in the management of obesity. Methods : A total of 101 subjects were enrolled among those who were 60 years old and over at one local clinic. Obese group (n=49) was defined as BMI${\geqq}$25 and normal weight group (n=52) as 20$5.2{\pm}2.5$) was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group ($3.8{\pm}1.7$)(p<0.05). In male subjects, there was no significant difference in the mean GDSSF-K score between both groups, but in female subjects, the mean GDSSF-K score of the obese group, $6.4{\pm}2.6$ was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group ($4.0{\pm}1.8$)(p<0.05). Conclusion : The elderly obese group showed higher depressive scale score than elderly normal weight group, especially in female elderly. Since the elderly obese female group had a depressive predisposition, comprehensive management including mental and psychological approach is required in obesity control programs.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.299-312
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to create a shirt sloper suitable for an elderly male body shape by producing virtual models using a 3D-virtualization program, making a torso prototype using the Yuka CAD system, and employing 3D simulation to virtualize and calibrate the model. First, the following three types of obese dummies are implemented through the CLO 3D program: Type 1 exhibits body fat in the lower body; Type 2 exhibits an obese abdomen; and Type 3 displays a balanced form of obesity. Second, for the design of the shirt pattern, the waist back length (measured value+1), back armhole depth (C/10+12+3+0.5~1.5), front armhole depth (back armhole depth 0~1), front interscye (2C/10-1+0.5-0.5), armscye depth (C/10+2+3.5+ 0.5), back interscye (2C/10-1+1), front chest C (C/4+2.5+1), back chest C (C/4+2.5-1), front hem C (C/4+2.5+1(+2)), back hem C (C/4+2.5-1(+2)), cap height (AH/3-5), and biceps width (Front AH-1, Back AH-1) are calculated. Third, the virtual attachment of the shirt pattern is resolved by increasing the front and back armhole depths, and the front and rear wrinkles are improved by adding a back armhole dart. The front hem lift and lateral pull caused by the protrusion of the abdomen are amended by increasing the margin of the chest, waist C, and hip C, with the appearance improved by balanced margin distribution in the front, back, and side panels. The improved retail pattern with an increase in the front armholes C was balanced on the torso plate.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.632-644
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• 2019

This study presents an efficient clothes-sizing system for those experiencing obesity in old age with the aim of revitalizing the clothing industry for older obese people. The study targets 249 obese men aged 60 to 85 who satisfy a Rohrer index score of 1.6 or higher and a BMI (body mass index) of 25 or higher. Elderly obese males showed more obesity in the body based on the waist. In particular, those in their 60s were the most obese, and after reaching their 70s, characteristics of old age in which the stature was reduced and the limbs were tapered were shown. The clothes-sizing system was set to 5cm in stature, 5cm and 3cm in chest girth, 2cm in waist girth (omphalion), and 2cm in hip girth according to the KS standards. Through the two-way distribution of each section, the name of the section with a high distribution was given. Casual tops were selected from eight sizes, ranging from 155 to 170cm in stature and 95 to 105cm in chest girth. Suit top sizes were selected from eight sizes, ranging from 160 to 170cm in stature and 94 to 103cm in chest girth. Bottoms suggested 10 sizes distributed between 90 and 100cm in waist girth (omphalion) and 92 and 98cm in hip girth. According to the KS standards, the detailed size was divided into the basic part and the reference part.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.665-678
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to promote the elderly apparel industry for the increasing numbers of elderly obese male population. In the study, a total number of 249 males between the ages of 60 to 85 were studied to analyze their body types and differences. The group had a Rohrer Index of 1.6 or higher and BMI of 25 or higher. The noticeable physical differences in the group were shorter waist front length, bigger waist and hip circumferences with increasing age and slimmer limbs that are associated with the natural aging process with or without obesity. The obese body types have been classified in the following 3 different categories. Type 1 is the group that has lower body obesity with broad shoulders and relatively slimmer abdomen than a heavy bottom. A total number of 84 people belonged to the type 1 obesity category which makes up 33.8% of the total. Type 2 is the group that has upper body obesity with especially large abdominal obesity. A total number of 76 people, 30.5% of the total, were classified as type 2. Type 3 is the group that has whole body obesity with balanced obesity in the whole body. A total number of 89 people, 35.7% of the total, made up type 3.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.376-387
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• 1997

The elderly are the most rapidly growing segment of the population in Korea and the largest consumers of expensive medical care. It is reasonable to believe that improving the nutritional status would be beneficial to reducing morbidity and to impro- ving the quality of their lives. This study was conducted to assess the health status and the Nutritional Risk Index of the elderly, and to provide the basic data for the Elderly Nutrition Improvement Program at the Public Health Center. One hundred and forty seven(76 males. 71 females) aged 60 years and over living in Suwon, were assessed with anthropometric measurements, body fat analysis, blood pressure measurements, and a set of questionnaires about health and other related variables. Over half of them had less than a junior middle school education and were considered low income. The percentage of overweight and obese subjects was 33% by the BMI(Body Mass Index), and the prevalence of hypertension was 28$\%$(males) and 31$\%$(females). They had a lot of self-recognized health problems, the male elderly complained about more than the female elderly. In the case of psychological health status, however, the female elderly showed a higher proportions of depression than the male elderly(p$\ll$0.05). In social health status, the elderly had good relationships with friends and collegues, whereas they had poor relationships with their families. They had many nutritional risk factors, and smoking was the most prevalent risk factor for the male elderly and anemia was for the female elderly. The results of this study suggest that Elderly Nutrition Improvement Programs should be planned that can be easily followed. It would be helpful to design a program focusing on individual phychological and social health status, this would increase the efficiency of the program.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.749-761
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• 2002

This study investigated the anthropometric and biochemical indices, and the health and nutritional factors influencing the two indices among 194 middle-aged and elderly subjects (108 middle-aged and 86 elderly) residing in a medium sized city for more than 10 years. In the examination of their dietary habits, 8.3% of the middle-aged subjects and 14.0% of the elderly subjects had two meals a day, and more female subjects had two meals per day. Of the subjects who ate meals at regular times, 75.0% were middle-aged and 79.1% were elderly, and the degree of irregularity of meals was greater for female subjects. The study of the dietary behavior of the subjects indicated that 71.3% and 66.3% of the middle-aged and elderly, respectively responded that the amount of food in each meal was sufficient. The subjects ate alone comprised 19.7% of the middle-aged females and 31.5% of the elderly females. The prevalence of smoking among the subjects was 28.1% for the middle-aged, 18.8% for the elderly male and 7.4% for the elderly females. The percentage of the subjects who drank alcohol was 34.4% of the middle-aged males and 13.2% of the middle-aged females. Slightly less than half of the subjects exercised more than once a week, with the male subjects showing a higher rate than the female subjects. The average body mass indices (BMI) were 24.5 and 24.6 for the middle-aged male and female, respectively, and 22.6 and 24.0 for the elderly male and female, respectively. BMI assessment showed that underweight subjects (BMI ＜ 20) comprised 3.7% of the middle-aged, 14.0% of the elderly, and that 40.7% of the middle-aged and 24.4% of the elderly were overweight (25 ＜ BMI ＜ 30) , and 0.9% of the middle-aged and 1.2% of the elderly were classified as obese (BMI $\geq$ 30) . A waist/hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.8 was found in 89.5% of the middle-aged females and 90.7% of the elderly females, showing high abdominal fat deposition in the majority of females. The average systolic blood pressure of females was 121.1 $\pm$ 17.1 mmHg for the middle-aged and 129.6 $\pm$ 21.3 mmHg for the elderly subjects. The systolic blood pressures showed a significantly difference between the two age groups. Those defined as anemic subjects based on hemoglobin values comprised 13.0% of the middled-aged group and 16.3% of the elderly group. There was a tendency for higher fasting glucose levels among the elderly subjects. An increase in total plasma cholesterol levels with age was shown. The female subjects had higher cholesterol levels than the males'The study of the correlation between the daily habits and health status showed that the amount of food eaten at each meal, the frequency of eating out, and the use of dietary supplements appeared to influence BMI, WHR, the plasma triglyceride and plasma cholesterol levels; omitting one meal had a positive correlation with the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol. These results suggest that desirable dietary habits and concerns for health are contributing factors for maintaining good health, as indicated by normal blood lipid levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2002

본 연구는 노인에게서 여러 가지 질병의 위험요인인 비만도에 따른 식생활 패턴을 조사하여 비만과 식이와의 관계를 살펴보고자 수행하였다. 1) 본 연구 대상 노인들은 교육수준이 높았고, 음주와 흡연율은 낮고 운동을 하고 있는 비율은 높아 건강에 많은 관심을 갖고 있는 집단이었다. BMI 및 삼두박근 피부두겹두께등은 우리나라 노인을 대상으로 이루어진 타 조사 결과에 비해 높은 경향을 보였다. 2) 식이섭취조사 결과 에너지와 칼슘 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 I의 섭취량이 권장량에 못 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 여자노인의 경우 철분 섭취량이 낮았다. 3) 식생활 진단 도구로 사용한 건강식이지표 (HEI) 조사 결과 남자 노인보다 여자 노인의 식생활이 양호한 것으로 보이며, 전반적으로 남자 노인은 다양한 식품을 섭취하고 규칙적인 식사하고 있었으며, 여자 노인은 채소와 과일을 많이 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4) 조사대상 노인의 BMI를 기준으로 정상군 과체중군, 비만군으로 나누었을 때 남녀 노인 모두 연령 보정 후 BMI가 증가할수록 WHR은 증가하여 노인성 질환의 위험도 함께 상승한다고 사료된다. 5) 연령 보정 후 남자 노인의 경우 Ca을 제외한 모든 영양소 섭취량이 각 군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 에너지를 비롯한 대부분 영양소의 섭취량이 과체중군에서 가장 높고 정상군에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 여자 노인에서도 과체중군에서 대부분의 영양소 섭취량이 높았으나, 비만군에서는 정상군에 비해 저조하게 나타났고, 섬유소, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_2$, 엽산, 비타민 B$_{12}$는 과체중군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 콜레스테롤은 남자 노인의 경우 비만군에서 220 mg/day 정도로 가장 높은 섭취량을 보였으나 서양에서 염려하는 위험수준은 아니었다. 본 연구 결과 BMI가 높을수록, WHR과 피부두겹두께가 높아 복부지방과 피하지방이 많으며 혈압이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 비만한 노인에게서 반드시 에너지 섭취량이 높은 것은 아니었으므로, 노인 비만의 문제는 단순히 식품 섭취량에서 원인을 찾기보다는 노화로 인한 대사적인 문제와 생활 양식에 의한 영향이 클 것으로 추정된다. 그러므로 BMI가 높은 노인들에게 부족되고 있는 영양소에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 특히 비타민 A, E B 복합체는 노인성 질병과 관련하여 그 기능이 규명되어야 할 영양소이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2010

The aims of this study were to evaluate obesity-related dietary behaviors and to determine long-term exercise effects on obesity and blood lipid profiles in elderly Korean subjects. A total of 120 subjects, aged 60-75 yr, were recruited, and obesity-related dietary behaviors were determined. An exercise intervention was conducted with 35 qualified elderly females for 6 months, and body composition and blood lipids were measured 6 times at 4 week intervals. At baseline, mean BMI ($kg/m^2$) was 24.8 for males and 23.1 for females. The females had better eating habits than the males and were more concerned with reading nutrition labels on food products (P < 0.001); they also preferred convenience foods less than the male subjects (P < 0.05). Obese individuals were more likely than overweight or normal weight individuals to misperceive their weight (P < 0.001). Those with a high BMI responded feeling more depressed (P < 0.01), lacking self-confidence (P < 0.01), and feeling isolated (P < 0.01) as well as having more difficulty doing outdoor activities (P < 0.01). After exercise, body fat (%) and WHR were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while body weight and BMI were also decreased without statistical significance. Total cholesterol and blood HDL were significantly improved (207.1 mg/dl vs. 182.6 mg/dl, HDL: 45.6 mg/dl vs. 50.6 mg/dl, P < 0.05). Other benefits obtained from exercise were improvements in self-confidence (26.4%), movement (22.6%), stress-relief (18.9%), and depression (13.2%). In conclusion, elderly females had better eating habits and were more concerned with nutrition information and healthy diets compared to elderly males. However, misperceptions of weight and obesity-related stress tended to be very high in females who were overweight and obese, which can be a barrier to maintain normal weight. Long-term Danhak practice, a traditional Korean exercise, was effective at reducing body fat (%) and abdominal obesity, and improved lipid profiles, self-confidence, and stress.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2010

본 연구는 농촌지역 주민들의 대사증후군 예방을 위한 영양 사업에 기초 자료를 제공하고자 안동시 읍면 지역 농촌의 45세 이상 주민을 대상으로 신체특성 및 건강관련 생활습관이 대사증후군 발생에 미치는 영향을 다항로지스틱회귀모델을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 대상자 1,431명 중 대사증후군 유병율은 38.2%(남자 23.5%, 여자 46.9%)로 남자에 비해 여자의 유병율이 유의적으로 높게 나타났는데 이는 폐경기 이후 여성에서의 대사증후군 비율이 증가하는 것과 관계가 있다고 할 수 있다. 대사증후군 위험인자 중 유병율이 가장 높은 요인은 혈압이었고, 다음은 낮은 HDL-콜레스테롤, 복부비만, 높은 혈당, 높은 혈중 중성지방 순으로 나타나 이 지역 주민의 대사증후군 유병율을 낮추기 위해서는 혈압을 내리고 HDL-콜레스테롤을 높이며 복부비만을 감소시킬 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 한편, 대사증후군 위험인자를 한 개 이상 가진 사람은 94.7%, 두 개이상은 68.9%로 나타났다. 대사증후군 발생위험요인과 위험도를 분석한 결과 대사증후군 발생 위험도는 남자에 비해 여자가 2.953배 높았다. 체지방율의 경우 정상체중에 비해 비만에서 남녀 각각 5.786배와 13.498배 대사증후군의 위험이 높았으며, 체질량지수로는 정상체중에 비해 비만에서 남녀 각각 3.782배, 13.301배, 고도비만에서는 21.516배, 21.482배 대사증후군의 위험도가 높았다. 건강관련 습관인 흡연, 음주, 운동, 농사활동 시간은 대사증후군 발생위험요인으로 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터, 안동 농촌지역 주민들의 대사증후군 유병율을 낮추기 위해서는 혈압과 폐경 여성들의 복부비만에 대한 철저한 관리가 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 건강관련 습관인 흡연, 음주, 운동 등이 대사증후군 발생에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다