• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.367-375
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• 2006

The chemical components, lipid class, and fatty acid composition of muscle from male and female common squid, Todarodes pacificus, were examined to evaluate the potential utilization of muscle from fin, head, arms, and tentacles, which consumers usually like less than the mantle. The mantle was found to constitute 47-49% of the total muscle and the proportion was slightly higher in females than in males. For the remaining 51-53% of the muscle, the only gender difference was that the arms of males contained approximately 3% more muscle than those of females (P<0.05). The protein content was higher in the mantle, arms, and tentacles than in the fin and head in both males and females (P<0.05), and was slightly higher in males (15.7-20.7%) than in females (15.1-19.2%). By contrast, the lipid content was slightly higher in females (1.82-2.54%) than in males (1.01-2.37%), and the fins in both males and females contained the most lipids (2.37-2.54%) of all muscle. The prominent lipid classes in the muscles were free sterol (males 81.5-91.9% vs. females 84.9-91.8% for the non-polar lipid content), phosphatidylcholine (PC, males 59.3-62.4% vs. females 49.2-57.8% for the phospholipid content) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, males 22.0-28.8% vs. females 25.6-33.8% for the phospholipid content). The percentage of PC was approximately 5-10% higher in males (P<0.05), especially in the fin, while that of PE was approximately 3-5% higher in female (P<0.05), especially in the head. All of the squid muscle contained 52.1-54.9% of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Males contained slightly more DHA, whereas female contained more EPA. The total percentage of n-3 PUFA differed little among muscles within the same gender.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

The marine microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans was cultured under a fluorescent lamp (CON) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths (blue, LB; red, LR; green, LG; white, LW); changes in growth, fucoxanthin, chlorophyll-a, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated. LR-exposed cultures exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (0.34), whereas LG-exposed cultures showed the lowest SGR (0.26). After cultivation for 10 days, the maximum dry cell weight (g/L) of LR-exposed cultures was significantly higher than that of those exposed to other light conditions (LR${\geq_-}$CON>LB${\geq_-}$LW${\geq_-}$LG). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were significantly higher in CON-exposed cultures compared to those exposed to LW (P<0.05), with no marked difference compared to those exposed to LB, LR and LG (P>0.05). The fucoxanthin content was highest in LB-exposed cultures ($6.3{\mu}g/mL$), whereas LW showed the lowest ($3.6{\mu}g/mL$; P<0.05). Chlorophyll-a content was highest in cultures exposed to LB compared to other light sources. These results suggest consistent differences in growth and biochemical composition after exposure to light of different wavelengths.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.977-981
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• 2015

The proximate, fatty acid and dimethyl acetal (DMA) compositions of domestic and imported melania snails Semisulcospira sp. being sold commercially were studied. The protein content ranged from 8.09% (China) to 11.3% (North Korea). The lipid content ranged from 0.84 (China) to 2.36% (North Korea). Domestic melania snail had protein (10.5%) and lipid (1.02%) contents intermediate between those of the two imported melania snails. The prominent fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0 saturated fatty acids, 16:1n-7, 20:1n-11, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7 and 16:1n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, and 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), 22:2 non-methylene-interrupted diene (NMID), 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The percentage of n-3 PUFA was higher in domestic (19.6%) and North Korean (imported, 19.5%) snails than in that from China (imported, 16.8%), while the n-6 PUFA level was higher in snails from China (21.2%) and domestic snails (14.7%) than in that from North Korea (9.87%). The total DMA, i.e., 18:0 DMA, 16:0 DMA and 18:1 DMA was 7.30, 7.27, and 4.86% domestic snail and those from China and North Korea, respectively. These results suggest that melania snail is a source of n-3 PUFA, and DMA derived from plasmalogen.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2011

Bone remodeling is a dynamic process involving a constant balance between osteoclast-induced bone resorption and osteoblast-induced bone formation. Osteoclasts play a crucial homeostatic role in skeletal modeling and remodeling, and destroy bone in many pathological conditions. Previously, we reported that the hexane soluble fraction of Ficus carica inhibited osteoclast differentiation. Poly unsaturated fatty acids, such as ethyl docosahexaenoate (E-DHA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (EDA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were identified from the hexane soluble fraction of Ficus carica. Among them, E-DHA most potently inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. E-DHA reduced the activities of JNK and NF-$\kappa}B$. E-DHA suppressed the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). Interestingly, DHA increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) more than E-DHA in MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that DHA may induce osteoblast differentiation. The data suggests that a combination of E-DHA and DHA has potential use in the treatment of diseases involving abnormal bone lysis, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal bone erosion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

A total of 150 growing ducks were assigned to five dietary treatments to study the effect of sea tangle and charcoal (STC) supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics in a completely randomized design. There were six replicates and five ducklings in each replication. The five dietary treatments were control, antibiotic, and 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% STC supplemented diets. No significant differences were found on ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed among treatments in different weeks. The overall (0 to 3 weeks) ADFI decreased in antibiotic treatment (p<0.05) whereas the gain:feed increased significantly upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to control (p<0.05). No significant variation was found in meat chemical composition except crude fat content which was high in 1.0% STC dietary group (p<0.05). Meat cholesterol was reduced in 0.1% STC group (p<0.05) compared to other dose levels while serum cholesterol was unaffected. High density lipoprotein (HDL) content was high in 1.0% STC (p<0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was low in 0.1% and 1.0% STC dietary groups (p = 0.06). No significant effect was found on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of fresh meat, whereas the TBARS value of meat preserved for 1 week was reduced significantly in STC dietary groups (p<0.05). The 0.1% STC dietary group showed an increased myristic acid (p = 0.07) content whereas, the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids increased in STC supplementation than antibiotic group (p<0.05). An increased concentration of omega-3 fatty acids and a reduced ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to antibiotic dietary group (p<0.05). Therefore, 1.0% STC dietary supplementation can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in duck production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1284-1288
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• 2009

To produce high quality fish oil products, additional deodorization experiments on purified fish oil from squid using columns filled with citric acid or gluconic acid were performed. A deodorization effect on the fish oil was observed on both the citric acid and gluconic acid columns. These effects were more efficient on the columns packed with 3 g of organic acid than those with 1 g or 2 g of organic acid. In addition, a better effect was observed in the column packed with gluconic acid than that with citric acid. Peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) of the sample treated with citric acid was the as same as the non-treated sample. However, POV and AV of the sample treated with gluconic acid were about 10% higher than the non-treated sample. Contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the samples treated with citric acid or gluconic acid columns were about 0.5% higher than the non-treated sample. In conclusion, deodorization of squid fish oil by organic acid could be an efficient method to produce high quality fish oil products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.226-238
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• 2013

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids because humans cannot synthesize them de novo and must obtain them in their diet. Fish and fish oil are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Significant evidence of the beneficial role of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in blood flow has been reported and putative mechanisms for improvement of blood flow include anti-thrombotic effects, lowered blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and anti-atherogenic effects. Edible oils containing omega-3 fatty acids were registered as functional ingredients in the Korea Health Functional Food Code. Although omega-3 fatty acids have been evaluated by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) based on scientific evidence, periodic re-evaluation may be needed because emerging data related to omega-3 fatty acids have accumulated. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated scientific evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids as a functional ingredient in health functional food on improvement of blood flow. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for collection of relevant human studies using the Medline and Cochrane, KISS, and IBIDS databases for the years 1955-2012. Search keywords were used by combination of terms related to omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. The search was limited to human studies published in Korean, English, and Japanese. Using the KFDA's evidence based evaluation system for scientific evaluation of health claims, 112 human studies were identified and reviewed in order to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting a relation between omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. Among 112 studies, significant effects on improvement of blood flow were reported in 84 studies and the daily intake amount was ranged from 0.1 to 15 g. According to this methodology of systematic review, we concluded that there was possible evidence to support a relation between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood flow. However, because inconsistent results have recently been reported, future studies should be monitored.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2006

Microbial and nutritional characteristics of Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal (salt-fermented shrimp) were assessed. Total mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus counts in Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal were 3.48-5.42, 2.22-2.95, and 0.58-2.51 $log_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. Yeast and mold were detected only in Ohjeot (1.99 $log_{10}CFU/g$) and Yookjeot (1.47 $log_{10}CFU/g$). B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Vibrio spp. and E. coli were not detected in Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal, which contained abundant macrominerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K), with Na showing highest content. Palmitic acid content was higher than those of other saturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents were higher than those of other poly unsaturated fatty acids. Results showed Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal is safe microbiologically with abundant nutritional components.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2016

We examined the seasonal variation of the proximate, amino acid, fatty acid composition and glycogen contents of triploid Pacific oyster cultured in western coastal waters of Korea in 2015. The specimens were collected in February, May, August and November from off-bottom farming site. The lipid content was the highest in winter season (February, $2.10{\pm}0.06%$), the protein content was the highest in autumn season (November, $9.09{\pm}0.04%$) while the moisture and ash content was the highest in summer season (August, $86.00{\pm}0.12%$ and $2.67{\pm}0.03%$, respectively). The total amino acid contents was the highest in winter season (1,011.5 mg / 100 g), decreased gradually and was the lowest in summer season (486.7 mg / 100 g). The total amino acid composition was dominated by taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. In the fatty acid composition, the two fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which comprised that as much as 50% of the total fatty acid contents, were dominated during all season. The glycogen content was the highest in summer season ($1.26{\pm}0.03g$ / 100 g) although it was stable during the other season with the range of $0.69{\pm}0.04-0.86{\pm}0.01g$ / 100 g. Taken together, these results suggest that triploid pacific oysters have high commercial value not only in winter season but in summer season because they do not spawn and have high contents of glycogen comparing with those of diploid oyster in this period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of astaxanthin, which is used to improve the muscle color of fish, on the nutritional composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The trout were fed extruded pellets containing astaxanthin (pigmented rainbow trout) or without astaxanthin (non-pigmented rainbow trout). No significant differences in the contents of crude protein and crude ash between the two muscles of the two groups were observed. However, the crude fat composition of the muscle of pigmented rainbow trout was about two times higher than that of control muscle. In the muscle of pigmented rainbow trout, the contents of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), which are functional polyunsaturated fatty acids, were 1.6 fold higher than in non-pigmented muscle. In addition, the contents of minerals such as Zn and Fe, vitamins (B group, C, and E), free amino acids, carotenoids and astaxanthin were increased in the muscle of rainbow trout fed pellets supplemented with astaxanthin. Specifically, the content of the bioactive compound astaxanthin, was increased six times in the pigmented muscle, as compared to the control muscle. The results suggest that a diet supplemented with astaxanthin improves the nutritional composition of rainbow trout muscle as well as improving the muscle color.