Eum, Jin Hee;Park, Miseon;Yoon, Jung Ah;Yoon, Sook Young
Development and Reproduction
/
v.24
no.4
/
pp.297-306
/
2020
Repetitive changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) triggers egg activation, including cortical granule exocytosis, resumption of second meiosis, block to polyspermy, and initiating embryonic development. [Ca2+]i oscillations that continue for several hours, are required for the early events of egg activation and possibly connected to further development to the blastocyst stage. The sources of Ca2+ ion elevation during [Ca2+]i oscillations are Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum through inositol 1,4,5 tri-phosphate receptor and Ca2+ ion influx through Ca2+ channel on the plasma membrane. Ca2+ channels have been characterized into voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), ligand-gated Ca2+ channel, and leak-channel. VDCCs expressed on muscle cell or neuron is specified into L, T, N, P, Q, and R type VDCs by their activation threshold or their sensitivity to peptide toxins isolated from cone snails and spiders. The present study was aimed to investigate the localization pattern of N and P/Q type voltage-dependent calcium channels in mouse eggs and the role in fertilization. [Ca2+]i oscillation was observed in a Ca2+ contained medium with sperm factor or adenophostin A injection but disappeared in Ca2+ free medium. Ca2+ influx was decreased by Lat A. N-VDCC specific inhibitor, ω-Conotoxin CVIIA induced abnormal [Ca2+]i oscillation profiles in SrCl2 treatment. N or P/Q type VDC were distributed on the plasma membrane in cortical cluster form, not in the cytoplasm. Ca2+ influx is essential for [Ca2+]i oscillation during mammalian fertilization. This Ca2+ influx might be controlled through the N or P/Q type VDCCs. Abnormal VDCCs expression of eggs could be tested in fertilization failure or low fertilization eggs in subfertility women.
Kang, Min Joo;Noh, Choong Hwan;Choi, Hee Jung;Park, Dae Won;Hur, Sung-Pyo
Ocean and Polar Research
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v.42
no.4
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pp.303-311
/
2020
In this study, the embryonic development and hatchability of eggs fertilized by the reciprocal hybrids of kelp grouper (Epinephelus bruneus) and red-spotted grouper (E. akaara) were evaluated with the goal of establishing a novel hybrid with enhanced growth and viability during the farming period in the temperate waters of Korea. The fertilization rates were lower for hybrids than for maternal purebreds and were significantly higher in the red-spotted grouper ♀ × kelp grouper ♂ hybrid (RGKG, 89.61 ± 1.58%) than in the kelp grouper ♀ × red-spotted grouper ♂ hybrid (KGRG, 74.82 ± 4.23%, p < 0.05). Unlike the fertilization rates, the hatching rates of fertilized eggs were similar between hybrids and maternal purebreds and did not differ significantly between KGRG and RGKG (72.74 ± 3.60% vs. 75.23 ± 2.20%, respectively, p > 0.05). The embryonic development of the hybrids was similar to that of maternal purebreds; however, irregular cleavage and asymmetric blastoderm were noticeable in the developing eggs of KGRG hybrids. The deformity rates of newly hatched larvae were higher in hybrids than in maternal purebreds and were significantly higher in KGRG than in RGKG (17.47 ± 1.28% vs. 7.11 ± 0.54%, respectively, p < 0.05). These results demonstrate the potential to produce viable larvae from these two hybrids. Although the production efficiency of KGRG was lower than that of RGKG, the fertilization, hatching, and deformity rates make both hybrids useful for further comparative studies regarding economic aspects.
Some biological phenomena of Anagrus incarnatus Haliday, an egg parasitoid of planthopper, were studied under three different constant temperatures. Duration from egg to adult emergence of the parasitoid from the BPH eggs were 21.5, 13.6 and 10.6 days under $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Rate of the development was highly correlated with temperature. The critical temperature was estimated as $10.0^{\circ}C$ and the effective degree days was 210.3 day-degree. Durations for the development of A. incarnatus under 25$\pm$$1^{\circ}C$ (16L : 8D) were 12.4, 12.5 and 12.1 days from eggs of N. lugens, S. furcifera and L. striatellus, respectively. Duration of the development of A. incarnatus from 1, 3, 5, 7 days old BPH eggs were 12.5, 12.1, 12.9 days, respectively. The average longevity of adult was 5.3 days under 25$\pm$$1^{\circ}C$. Number of the ovarian and practically oviposited eggs were 34.8$\pm$28 and 28.3$\pm$0., respectively. Female A. incarnatus laid most of the eggs within few days after the emergence ; over 60% within 24 hours, nearly 90% upto the 2nd day, and nearly 100% upto the 3rd day.
An, Heui-Chun;Lee, Kyoung-Hoon;Lee, Sung-Il;Park, Hae-Hoon;Bae, Bong-Seong;Yang, Jae-Hyeong;Kim, Jong-Bin
Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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v.23
no.1
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pp.35-42
/
2011
Behaviour habitats of sailfin sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus, one of the stock recovery species of Korea, were investigated when they were approaching toward the eastern coastal waters of Korea during spawning season. Underwater surveys were conducted in December, 2009 at Jug-island, Goseong, Gangwon-province to observe the behaviour of sailfin sandfish by underwater video camera and underwater camera, and the body characteristics of sailfin sandfish caught by gillnet were measured. It was observed that the species generally move in school but a few of individuals go out of the school to approach and dig into the sand bottom. Eggs of sailfin sandfish were shown in many cases to be attached to seaweed like Sargassum fulvellum and Zostera mairna. The females maintain its body in horizon and shake the body to breed eggs. It was also observed that the males spray sperm on the eggs attached on seaweed. Sailfin sandfish is assumed to make diurnal migration by moving to the shallow coast at night for spawning and fertilization, and moving out to the offshore at sunrise.
Four strains of water mold, ChS-E0511, RaT-E0511, RaT-A0512 and MaS-F0512, were isolated from salmonid fish and/or their eggs taken from culture farms in Yangyang, Milyang and Pyeongchang, Korea in 2005. Descriptions of their morphological aspects, the results of the phylogenetic analysis conducted, and the sequence of the small sub-unit 18S rRNAs of the isolates confirmed that they all belong to the species Saprolegnia parasitica. Only one species, ChS-E0511, which was isolated from fertilized eggs of the chum salmon, was classified as part of the S. parasiticaGroup 1 according to its oogonia and gemmae production. The chemotherapeutic effects of various chemicals on the ChS-E0511 strain were assessed from the inhibitory effects of growth in GY media and the relative ratio of eyed eggs to fertilized eggs of the rainbow trout. Malchite green, a prohibited substance in food animals, was better than others, such as the Opuntia ficus-indicaextract, 2-bronopol, and sodium chloride. These results suggest that the fungi isolated from salmonids and/or their eggs identified as S. parasitica were composed of more than two groups. These isolates will be useful in an intensive evaluation of therapeutic agents.
Vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of Maurolicus muelleri were studied in the south-eastern waters of Korea during 1985 and 1986. Samples were collected vertically at three different layers, 0~30 m, 30~50m and 50~100m. The densities of egg and larva were high in August. Eggs and zooplankton were abundant around the thermocline in the temperature range of $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ at the layers of 50 m depth in 1985, and 30~100m depth in 1986. Eggs in the cleavage stage were abundant at the layer of 50~100m depth, while those of processing embryonic body formation were tended to concentrate at the layer of 30~50m depth. The vertical distribution of each developmental stage differed according to sampling time. They were distributed uniformly at water column from 30 m to 100m depth in the midnight, but concentrated at the layer from 30 m to 50 m from dawn to sunset. Before and after midnight, eggs in the cleavage stage were most abundant. It was assumed that M. muelleri spawned at the layer of 50~100m depth around the midnight, and the eggs ascended to the layer of 30~50m depth with development.
Previously identified female pupae were X-irradiated with a dose of 1000r one day prior to moth transformation. Female mothes from irradiated and non-irradiated pupae were copulated with normal male ones and allowed to lay eggs. Fertilized eggs were collected at 6 intervals such as 5, 15, 45, 90 minutes, 12 and 40 hours after laying, and deep-freezed immediately after each collection until measurements. RNase activity and nucleic acid content were determined with each sample and following results were obtained. 1) It was proved to exist two RNases in silk worm eggs as in mammalian tissues, one active maximally at pH 5.8 and the other at pH 8.0, and the acid RNase activity was much higher than that of alkaline RNase. 2) The activity of acid and alkaline RNases increased remarkably during early development of the embryo of silk worm eggs, reaching the maximum activity at 45 minutes from laying time in non-irradiated group. There was no appreciable difference in two RNase activities for 45 minutes after laying in both control and irradiated groups, but the activity of acid and alkaline RNases in latter group was three times as much as that in former group, at 90 minutes from laying time and it was also found the acid RNase activity was 1.8 times higher than alkaline one in irradiated group. 3) The RNA-P content of control group increased considerably for initial 45 minutes, followed by a decline 45 minutes later with sight but steady increase thereafter. The RNA-P content of irradiated group, however, increased at initial 5 minutes, followed by a marked fall 90 minutes after laying, with no change thereafter. The DNA-P of control group showed a sharp increase for initial 45 minutes, followed by a decline 45 minutes later with no appreciable change thereafter, whereas that of irradiated group showed an increase at initial 15 minutes, followed by a sharp decline for following 45 minutes with a gradual increase thereafter. It was thus proved that the synthesis of nucleic acid in silk worm eggs was much suppressed by X-irradiation during early development of embryo. 4) The RNase activity varied in parallel with the RNA-P content in control group, but the RNA-P content in irradiated group was shown to be minimum value in concidence with the maximum activity of both RNases.
In the present study, we monitored the early development of Saccostrea kegakia subtropical oyster species distributing on rocky intertidal off the northern Jeju Island using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The female oyster collected in early August, 2012 were fully mature exhibiting relatively small eggs ($46.5{\pm}1.4{\mu}m$ in diameter) in the gonad, while testis of the mature male oysters were filled with fully developed sperms of 36.9 ${\mu}m$ in length. The fertilized eggs developed into 2-cell stage with polar body after 1 hr 20 min of fertilization, then followed by Morula stage (3 hr 20 min), Blastula stage (4 hr 50 min), Gastrula stage (7 hr), and trochophore larvae stage (9 hr 30 min). The observed early development of S. kegaki in this study was similar the early development of other oysters, although size of the fertilized eggs were somewhat smaller.
Ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated A. suum eggs. Here, unembryonated A. suum eggs were incubated at $20^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$ in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (IF4E), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and cell death protein 6 (CDP6), were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. No prominent morphological alterations were noted in the eggs at $20^{\circ}C$ until day 10. In contrast, the eggs developed rapidly, and embryonated eggs and hatched larvae began to die, starting on day 2 at $50^{\circ}C$ and day 1 at $70^{\circ}C$. At $20^{\circ}C$, IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was significantly increased from days 2-4; however, AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was not changed significantly. IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was markedly decreased from day 2 at $50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, whereas AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was significantly increased. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 were detected for 9-10 days at $20^{\circ}C$, for 3-5 days at $50^{\circ}C$, and for 2 days at $70^{\circ}C$. Taken together, incremental heat increases were associated with the rapid development of A. suum eggs, decreased expression of genes related to viability, and earlier expression of apoptosis-related genes, and finally these changes of viability- and apoptosis-related genes of A. suum eggs were associated with survival of the eggs under temperature stress.
Due to the increased awareness on the relationship between high cholesterol intake and cardiovascular disease, the development of low cholesterol eggs and egg products are necessary at the present time. Largely, two approaches are possible to develop low cholesterol eggs. The first approach is the production of low cholesterol eggs by altering feeds of layers, by administering drugs, by genetic selection of strains and breeds, and by management of laying cycle, age and egg size. The second approach is to manufacture low cholesterol eggs technically treated with adsorbant, solvent, enzyme, edible oil and supercritical fluid. Both approaches have their own pros and cons, respectively, as far as the cholesterol removal rates, the easeness of process, and the economic reasons are concerned. The low cholesterol egg production is quite labor-intensive and has relatively low cholesterol removal rate(30∼50% ) compared to that of chemically treated eggs. On the other hand, the low cholesterol eggs treated with chemicals have a very high cholesterol removal rate (80∼90%) but some of the methods are not completely safe as food processing purposes due to the residual chemicals and the sensory quality is not as good as the low cholesterol eggs without chemical treatment. Therefore, further studies must be conducted to improve the sensory quality of low cholesterol eggs and to eliminate fear about the harmfulness using low cholesterol eggs.
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