• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

The present study examined effects of production performance, immune activity and egg quality by raising on exercise yard in laying Hens, the results of which could be used as baseline data to enhance animal welfare and the safety of livestock products. A total of 90 Hy-line-Brown laying hens of 13 weeks old were used in the experiment for 38 weeks. The cage group (Cage group) was raised in a cage, where an area of $0.084m^2$ was assigned to two hens, while hens in the exercise yard $1.1m^2$ group ($1.1m^2$ group) was assigned to a combination of a chicken house ($0.11m^2$) and a exercise yard ($1.1m^2$) per a hen. Hens in the exercise yard $2.2m^2$ group ($2.2m^2$ group) was assigned to a combination of a chicken house ($0.11m^2$) and a exercise yard ($2.2m^2$) per a hen. Treatment was replicated 3 times with ten birds per replication. Ten birds were arranged according to randomized block design. While initial egg production rate was significantly higher in the Cage group, $1.1m^2$ group exhibited a slightly higher rate in the mid- and late-stage of the experiment, although the difference was not statistically significant. Exercise yard treatment groups exhibited a higher feed intake rate than the Cage group up until the hens were 39 weeks old (P<0.05), but the difference dissipated from that age on. The age at first egg in the exercise yard treatment groups was 16 days later than that for the Cage group (P<0.05), although differences in the quality of the eggs were not observed. The results of immune activity test showed that IgA in the exercise yard treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the Cage group (P<0.05). IgG, IgM, and corticosterone were also higher in the exercise yard treatment groups. The soil in exercise yard increased of organic matter and decreased of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in raised hens. In sum, raising hens in a exercise yard raise style decreased the rate of initial egg production, which was followed by a slight increase during the latter part of the experiment. The exercise yard raise hens' immune activity was heightened.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.37-54
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• 2003

It has been recognized that the hen. like its mammalian counterparts. provides young chicks with antibodies as protection against hostile invaders. This system facilitates the transfer of specific antibodies from serum to egg yolk. and provides a supply of antibodies called immunoglobulin Y(IgY) to the developing embryo and the hatched chick. The protection against pathogens that the relatively immuno-incompetent newly hatched chick has. is through transmission of antibodies from the mother via the egg. Egg yolk. therefore. can be loaded with a large amount of IgY against pathogens which can immobilize the existing or invading pathogens during the embryo development or in day-old chicks. Thus. the immunization of laying hens to various pathogens results in production of different antigen-specific IgY in eggs. Egg yolk contains 8~20 mg of immunoglobulins (IgY) per $m\ell$ or 136~340 mg per yolk suggesting that more than 30 g of IgY can be obtained from one immunized hen in a year. By immunizing laying hens with antigens and collecting IgY from egg yolk. low cost antibodies at less than ＄10 per g compared to more than ＄20.000 per g of mammalian IgG can be obtained. This IgY technology opens new potential market applications in medicine. public health veterinary medicine and food safety. A broader use of IgY technology could be applied as biological or diagnostic tool. nut-raceutical or functional food development. oral-supplementation for prophylaxis. and as pathogen-specific antimicrobial agents for infectious disease control. This paper has emphasized that when IgY-loaded chicken eggs are produced and consumed. the specific antibody binds. immobilizes and consequently reduces or inhibits the growth or colony forming abilities of microbial pathogens. This concept could serve as an alternative agent to replace the use of antibiotics. since today. more and more antibiotics are less effective in the treatment of infections. due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1986

In order to investigate the harmful trace elements in Korean common vegetable, the contents of Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc and Manganese are studied in this paper. As shown in the Table 1, the following vegetable samples collected from the agriculture-marine products market I Seoul were used; root vegetables-potato, sweet potato, carrot, radish, onion and garlic, fruit vegetables-cucumber, pumpkin, green pepper, egg plant, tomato and melon. The contents of the harmful trace elements were determinded by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. These elements were extracted from the vegetables with the DDTC-MIBK extraction method. The results were as follows; 1. The average contents of the harmful trace elements in the vegetables were as follows; Root vegetables-Lead, 0.387 ppm; Cadmium, 0.030 ppm; Copper, 1.267 ppm; Zinc, 7.395 ppm; Manganese, 5.380 ppm. Fruit vegetables-Lead, 0.259 ppm; Cadmium, 0.028 ppm; Copper, 1.155 ppm; Zinc, 3.732 ppm; Manganese, 3.532 ppm. 2. The contents of harmful trace elements in vegetables were significantly low compared with foreign standards. This means that vegetables contamination with those harmful trace elements is not significant at present.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1999

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is known as a potential hepatic carcinogen by single administration. This study was designed to measure the effects of DEN-induced cell damage on the triglyceride and cholesterol concentration in the liver, excluding dietary effects. Fertilized chicken eggs, 10 days before hatching, were randomly divided into three groups (n=20) and each egg was injected 10 ${mu}ell$ of corn oil (vehicle control), 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of DEN/10 ${mu}ell$ of DEN/10 ${mu}ell$ into yolk via air sac. After 48 hr and 96 hr incubation, the damage of the chick-embryo liver cell was investigated by electron microscopy and by measuring the concentration of lipid components (total cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride). For eggs administered 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of DEN and incuvated 96 hr, in hepatocyte, the nucleus membrane was roughed, the size of nucleolus was apparently increased and euchromatin was accumulated. Mitochondria were condensed and cristae, located mitochondiral inner membrane, were obscured. Additionally, the leaves of triglyceride and cholesterol classes were significantly increased depend on the amount treated with 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ DEN at 96 hr, but phospholipids component of cell membrane, were decreased with significance. As a conclusion, carcinogen induced hepatic lesion was correlated with the changes in lipid component of liver.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2017

The present study was aimed to determine the effect of green tea extract (GTE) and beta-mercaptoethanol (${\beta}$-ME) supplementation in boar sperm freezing extender on sperm motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Experimental groups were allocated into Lactose-egg yolk (LEY) without antioxidant (control), GTE (1,000 mg/L GTE in LEY) and ${\beta}$-ME ($50{\mu}M$ ${\beta}$-ME in LEY). Spermatozoa extended with LEY were cooled to $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 h and then kept at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 min following dilution with LEY containing 9% glycerol and 1.5% Equex STM (final sperm concentration: $1{\times}10^8/mL$). Spermatozoa were loaded into straws and frozen in nitrogen vapor for 20 min. Following thawing at $37^{\circ}C$ for 25 sec, sperm viability and ROS level were measured using fluorescent double stain Fertility(R) and cytometry, respectively. Motility and viability of GTE supplemented-group were higher than those of control and ${\beta}$-ME without significance. ROS level in GTE group showed significantly lower than control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GTE supplementation in boar sperm freezing extender can reduce ROS generation during freezing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1177-1191
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• 2016

Estimation of food consumption details, such as portion size and frequency of consumption, is needed for exposure assessment step in microbiological risk assessment. This study investigated the amounts and frequencies of 50 kinds of consumed livestock products. A quantitative survey was performed by trained interviewers in face-to-face interviews with 1,500 adults aged over 19, who were randomly selected from seven major provinces in Korea. Respondents received a picture of one serving size for each of the 50 livestock products, including meats, processed meat products, milk and dairy products, and eggs and processed egg products. A t-test and general linear model were carried out using SPSS statistics. The most important factor affecting consumption of livestock products was residence area. The most frequently consumed food was milk (2.6 times/week), followed by pork (1.4 times/week), liquid yogurt (1.3 times/week), rolled omelet (1.2 times/week), semisolid yogurt (1.0 times/week), steamed egg (1.0 times/week), ice cream (0.9 times/week), chicken (0.8 times/week), low fat milk (0.7 times/week), and beef (0.6 times/week). In the case of consumption amount, people living in a city consumed meat (beef, pork, chicken, and duck) 1.5 times more than those living in a village, whereas milk and dairy products and eggs and processed egg products were consumed more frequently by people living in a town. When people eat meat, they consume twice the amount of one serving size. Students consumed livestock and processed livestock products more frequently with greater portions all at once. People living in Seoul, Incheon/Gyeonggi, and Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongnam consumed livestock products more frequently in large amounts. Data from this study can be used for risk assessment of livestock and processed livestock products as well as education for safe consumption of livestock products.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2011

Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea (Pontederiaceae) is one of the most problematic weed in the rice field in Korea. Tanysphyrus (Tanysphyroides) major was selected as a potential biological control agent for M. vaginalis. Continuous rearing of T. (T.) major was carried out from 2006 to 2007, and its morphological characteristics and ecological characteristics were investigated. This species has a single generation per year, over-wintering as an adult stage. The emergence of adults starts in later June and last until September. These observations indicate that T. (T.) major takes $22{\pm}0.7$ days to develop from egg to adulthood. Host specificity test showed that finally selected this species was suitable candidates for the biological control of M. vaginalis var. plantaginea since it showed negative host specificity against major 60 test crops.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.262-266
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• 2008

This study was conducted to provide a vitamin $B_{12}$ database for the representative Korean food items and to assess the dietary intake assessment of vitamin $B_{12}$ for Koreans. The vitamin $B_{12}$ content of 106 foods had been determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using column switching method. Rich sources of vitamin $B_{12}$ were meats, milk, and egg ($0.3-3.4\;{\mu}g/100g$). Vegetables and fruits contained vitamin $B_{12}$ below limit of detection (LOD). The major food sources for vitamin $B_{12}$ intake were milk (72.0%), meats (22.3%), egg (3.6%), and fishes & shellfishes (2.1%). Mean vitamin $B_{12}$ intake of Koreans was $3.16\;{\mu}g$/person/day. The proportion of population with intake below estimate average requirement (EAR) and above recommended intake (RI) of vitamin $B_{12}$ was 60.7 and 36.5%, respectively. The vitamin $B_{12}$ intake level of young children with 1-2 years which was 834.6% of RI while the intake level of the older adults 50 years and older was only 70.0% of RI. Also, there were regional differences between urban and rural area. The population with intake below RI was larger than that with intake above RI in Korea.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1993

A simultaneous determination method by HPLC for egg-residues sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, furazolidone and zoalene was assesed. The drugs were extracted by dechloromethane, The extract after solvent evaporation, is partitioning in hex ane/water and back-partitioning in dechloromethane and analysis by HPLC. The average recovery rates of the above microbials from the egg spiked standard solution were approximately 81.2%, 87.6%, 92.5%. 86.1% and 79.3% respectively. The limit of detection of sulfamerazine. sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxine were in the levels of 0.2ppb, furazolidone and zoalene 0.5ppb respectively. According to this method 84 commercial eggs were examined. Sulfamethanzine was detected at levels of 0.005-0.008ppm in 3 eggs. Sulfadimethoxine was detected at levels of 0.012-0.019ppm in 4 eggs. No sulfamerazine, furazolidone and zoalene was detected in every samples. The residues of antimicrobial agent were safety level as food generally.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.195-200
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• 2004

We investigated the induction of resistance to Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant H. longicornis P27/30 protein. The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of H. longicornis, and identified P27/30 as a troponin I-like protein. In this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant P27/30 expressed in Escherichia coli showed the statistically significant longer feeding duration for larval and adult ticks (P<0.05), low engorgement rates in larval ticks (64.4%), and an apparent reduction in egg weights, which suggest that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine. These results demonstrated that the recombinant P27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of H. longicornis.