• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.875-887
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a Korean threshold runoff computation method. The selected study area is the Han-River basin and the stream channels in the study area are divided into 3 parts; natural channel and artificial manmade channel for small mountainous catchments, and main channel for master stream. The threshold runoff criteria for small streams is decided to 0.5 m water level increase from the channel bottom, which is the level that mountain climbers and campers successfully escape from natural flood damage. Threshold runoff values in natural channel of small mountainous area are computed by the results from the regional regression analysis between parameters of basin and stream channel, while those in artificial channel of small mountainous area are obtained from the data of basin and channel characteristics parameter. On the other hand, the threshold runoff values for master channel are used the warning flood level that is useful information for escaping guideline for riverside users. For verification of the threshold runoff computation method proposed in this study, three flash flood cases are selected and compared with observed values, which is obtained from SCS effective rainfall computation. The 1, 3, 6-hour effective rainfall values are greater than the corresponding threshold runoff values represents that the proposed computation results are reasonable.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.799-805
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• 2016

Background: There is no standard treatment for patients with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Single agent chemotherapies have evidence of more efficacy and less toxicity than combination therapy. Most are very expensive, with appreciable toxicity and minimal survival. Since it is difficult to make comparison between outcomes, economic analysis of single-agent chemotherapy regimens and best supportive care may help to make decisions about an appropriate management for the affected patients. Objective: To evaluate the cost effectiveness of second-line chemotherapy compared with best supportive care for patients with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: A Markov model was used to estimate the effectiveness and total costs associated with treatments. The hypothetical patient population comprised women aged 55 with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Four types of alternative treatment options were evaluated: 1) gemcitabine followed by BSC; 2) pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) followed by BSC; 3) gemcitabine followed by topotecan; and 4) PLD followed by topotecan. Baseline comparator of alternative treatments was BSC. Time horizon of the analysis was 2 years. Health care provider perspective and 3% discount rate were used to determine the costs of medical treatment in this study. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were used to measure the treatment effectiveness. Treatment effectiveness data were derived from the literature. Costs were calculated from unit cost treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer patients at various stages of disease in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH) in the year 2011. Parameter uncertainty was tested in probabilistic sensitivity analysis by using Monte Carlo simulation. One-way sensitivity analysis was used to explore each variable's impact on the uncertainty of the results. Results: Approximated life expectancy of best supportive care was 0.182 years and its total cost was 26,862 Baht. All four alternative treatments increased life expectancy. Life expectancy of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 0.510, 0.513, 0.566, and 0.570 years, respectively. The total cost of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 113,000, 124,302, 139,788 and 151,135 Baht, respectively. PLD followed by topotecan had the highest expected quality-adjusted life-years but was the most expensive of all the above strategies. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 344,643, 385,322, 385,856, and 420,299 Baht, respectively. Conclusions: All of the second-line chemotherapy strategies showed certain benefits due to an increased life-year gained compared with best supportive care. Moreover, gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy followed by best supportive care in progressive disease case was likely to be more effective strategy with less cost from health care provider perspective. Gemcitabine was the most cost-effective treatment among all four alternative treatments. ICER is only an economic factor. Treatment decisions should be based on the patient benefit.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.270-281
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• 2010

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is necessary to neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for survival and growth because of impossible of enteral feeding. Long-term TPN can be associated with a broad spectrum of hepatobiliary disorder, ranging from mild hepatic dysfunction to severe end-stage liver disease. Cholestasis developed most commonly in neonate, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used in adult with cholestatic and non-cholestatic liver diseases but there have been limited data on the effects in neonate with PNAC. This study was performed retrospectively to review all medical histories of the total 30 neonates with was administrated UDCA for treatment to parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) at Chungbuk National University Hospital NICU from April 2002 to December 2008. UDCA was administrated at bilirubin is over 2 mg/dl. The criterias for drug evaluation were included hepatic biochemical marker such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP and GGT, TPN therapy period, cholestasis development period, UDCA treatment period, UDCA dosage and adverse effect. In the results, Post-UDCA treatment significant was decreased direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, AST and ALP (p<0.05), and was decreased GGT (p>0.05) and slightly was increased ALT (p>0.05). Reffective timect biDCA was appear at mean $10.5{\pm}1.3$ days, iDCA administration period was mean $64.4{\pm}5.9$ days, cholestasis period was mean $71.9{\pm}6.4$ days and UDCA dosage was mean $22.9{\pm}0.9$ mg/kg/day. Common adverse effects is diarrhea, 5 patients arised mild diarrhea but it possible also related with increased enteral feeding. In conclusion, iDCA can decrease direct bilirubin that major parameter t bcholestasis and oher hepatic biochemical makers. UDCA is effective on PNAC without any serious side effect and cost-effective. Although no greatly shortening cholestasis period, but can protect to develop into severe liver disease and other complication or death. Based on these result, UDCA is recommended for treatment of cholestasis at direct bilirubin is over 2 mg/dl.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.3 s.93
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• pp.405-414
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• 2006

In the present study, a numerical analysis was performed for interior connections of continuous flat plate to analyze the effect of design parameters such as column section shape, gravity load and slab span on the behavioral characteristics of the connections. For the purpose, a computer program for nonlinear FE analysis was developed, and the validity was verified. Through the parametric study, the variations of shear stress distribution around the connection were investigated. According to the result of numerical analysis, as the length of the cross section of column in the direction of lateral load increases and gravity load increases, the effective area and the maximum shear strength providing the torsional resistance decrease considerably. And as the slab span loaded with relatively large gravity load increases, the negative moment around the connection increases and therefore the strength of connection against unbalanced moment decreases. By considering the effect of design parameters on the strength of the connections, the effective shear strength to calculate the torsional moment capacity of connection was proposed and the effectiveness of the proposed shear strength was verified.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.66-73
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• 2011

I try to solve the problem of the usage of the general software interrupt with the nested call of the software interrupt and the effective passing way of the parameters. The software interrupt should be protected against the indiscriminate access because it is used to call the system functions or to use the system resources by generating a software interrupt. But, it is difficult to effectively handle the SWI instruction because of its limited usage. I designed and implemented nested call of the software interrupt and the effective way that handle the parameters in the software interrupt service routine to solve this problem in this paper. In other words, from the single SWI call to the nested SWI call, I improved the software interrupt use all the more flexibly, and I compared and analyzed the strong and weak points of the two passing ways of the parameters. The main differences between these two ways are speed and readability. The stack pointer getting way incurred a lot of overhead although it has a very great readability. But, the stack pointer passing way producted 19% of the effectivity in speed by reduce overhead.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.629-638
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• 2009

In this paper, the existing formulas of the step-by-step method were generalized for effective estimation of responses of complicated composite sections due to long-term deformation of concrete. The initial transformed section properties of the composite section were derived from material and section properties of concrete section and sections which confine the longterm deformation of concrete. The transformed section properties at each step were derived from the effective modulus of elasticity considered the creep coefficient variation. Improved formulas of the step-by-step method for generalized responses were derived by introducing 5 generalized parameters. The formulas can be more simplified by applying constant increment of creep coefficient at each step. The constant increment of creep coefficient at each step can also reduce computing time and make equal computing error of each step. The generalized responses for axial elastic strain of concrete section were most sensitive to the area rate of concrete section, and the ratio of the second moment of the confining section area was more sensitive than that of the concrete section. Those for elastic curvature of concrete section were most sensitive to the ratio of the second moment of concrete section area.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.102-108
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• 2005

We have studied the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines with processing. Evodia fruit (EF) has processed for the purpose of detoxification and reduction of its bitter taste. There are various methods of processing EF in Oriental medicinal reference. Among them, we processed EF according to the method of Sang-han theory, the most famous medicinal reference. We processed EF with washing in hot water, and then dried. Processed EFs(PEFs) were prepared according to the above procedure through repetition of 1,3,5 and 7 times respectively. The contents of weight loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alkaloids and limonin in non-processed EF (NPEF) and PEFs were examined. The weight loss, and contents of water extract and dilute ethanol extract in PEF showed decrease in proportion to increase of washing time, while the contents of ether extract, total ash and acid insoluble ash showed little change as compared with those of NPEF. And the content of evodiamine and rutaecarpine was not changed distinctly. However, the content of limonin decreased in the final processed material in proportion to increase of washing times with hot water. And the intense of bitter taste in PEF was also reduced. These results were ascribed to the flowing-out of the water-soluble portion. The biological activities of NPEF and PEF were also investigated. In the test of DPPH scavenging effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition effect and TBA-Rs effect, PEF was more effective than NPEF in vitro. Also, both NPEF and PEF showed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects against in mice. Especially, PEF by 3 times washing with hot water was more effective than other PEFs. From these results, it is considered that PEF should be prepared by 3 times washing with hot water.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.700-708
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• 2015

A software birthmark is the set of characteristics of a program which can be used to identify the program. Many researchers have studied on detecting theft of java programs using some birthmarks. In case of Android apps, code obfuscation techniques are used to protect the apps against reverse-engineering and tampering. However, attackers can also use the obfuscation techniques in order to conceal a stolen program. A birthmark (feature) of an app can be alterable by code obfuscations. Therefore, it is necessary to detect Android app theft based on the birthmark which is resilient to code obfuscation. In this paper, we propose an effective Android app birthmark and app theft detection through the proposed birthmark. By analyzing some obfuscation tools, we have first selected parameter and the return types of methods as an adequate birthmark. Then, we have measured similarity of target apps using the birthmarks extracted from the apps, where some target apps are not obfuscated and the others obfuscated. The measurement results show that our proposed birthmark is effective for detecting Android app theft even though the apps are obfuscated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.131-136
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• 2003

This research was aimed to evaluate the inhibition of oxidative changes of almond crackers by natural antioxidants (tocopherol, rosemary, and tea polyphenol). Almond crackers stored at $25^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$ for 70 days were evaluated with peroxide value, sensory and kinetic parameters. Results revealed that the antioxidative activity of rosemary was highy effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation at $25^{\circ}C$ and tea Polyphenol highly effective at 35$^{\circ}C$. Sensory evaluation indicated that the properties of odor and taste of almond crackers tended to positive effect with the addition of rosemary and tea polyphenol. Kinetic study in lipid oxidation showed the first order reaction at $25^{\circ}C$ and the zero order reaction at 35$^{\circ}C$. It was found that the kinetic parameter of oxidation reaction predicted for the shelf-life of almond cracker.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.98-111
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• 2015

Urban environmental problems such as flooding, depletion of ground water, pollution of urban streams and the heat island effect caused by urban development and climate change can be mitigated by the improvement of the urban water cycle. For the effective planning of water cycle management it is necessary to establish aerial Hydrotope Maps, with which we can estimate the status and change of the water allowance for any site. The structure of the German water balance model BAGLUVA, which is based on soil and vegetation, was analyzed and the input data and boundary condition of the model was compared with Korean data and research results. The BAGLUVA Model consists of 5 Input categories (climate, land use, topography, soil hydrology and irrigation). The structure and interconnection of these categories are analyzed and new concepts and implementation methods of topographic factor, maximum evapotranspiration ratio, effective rooting depth and Bagrov n parameter was compared and analyzed. The relation of real evapotranspiration ($ET_a$)-maximum evapotranspiration ($ET_{max}$) - precipitation (P) was via Bagrov n factor represented. The aerial and land use oriented Hydrotope Map can help us to investigate the water balance of small catchment areas and to set goals for volume of rainwater management and LID facilities effectively in the city. Further, this map is a useful tool for implementing water resource management within landscape and urban planning.