• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.1081-1089
• /
• 2018

The deformation and strength of brittle rocks are significantly influenced by the crack closure behavior. The relationship between the strength and deformation of rocks under uniaxial loading is the foundation for design and assessment of such scenarios. The concept of relative crack closure strain was proposed to describe the influence of the crack closure behavior on the deformation and strength of rocks. Considering the crack compaction effect, a new damage constitutive model was developed based on accumulated AE counts. First, a damage variable based on the accumulated AE counts was introduced, and the damage evolution equations for the four types of brittle rocks were then derived. Second, a compaction coefficient was proposed to describe the compaction degree and a correction factor was proposed to correct the error in the effective elastic modulus instead of the elastic modulus of the rock without new damage. Finally, the compaction coefficient and correction factor were used to modify the damage constitutive model obtained using the Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis. The fitted results of the models were then compared with the experimental data. The results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength and effective elastic modulus decrease with an increase in the relative crack closure strain. The values of the damage variables increase exponentially with strains. The modified damage constitutive equation can be used to more accurately describe the compressive deformation (particularly the compaction stage) of the four types of brittle rocks, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2015

PURPOSES : In this study, a fracture-based finite element (FE) model is proposed to evaluate the fracture behavior of fiber-reinforced asphalt (FRA) concrete under various interface conditions. METHODS : A fracture-based FE model was developed to simulate a double-edge notched tension (DENT) test. A cohesive zone model (CZM) and linear viscoelastic model were implemented to model the fracture behavior and viscous behavior of the FRA concrete, respectively. Three models were developed to characterize the behavior of interfacial bonding between the fiber reinforcement and surrounding materials. In the first model, the fracture property of the asphalt concrete was modified to study the effect of fiber reinforcement. In the second model, spring elements were used to simulated the fiber reinforcement. In the third method, bar and spring elements, based on a nonlinear bond-slip model, were used to simulate the fiber reinforcement and interfacial bonding conditions. The performance of the FRA in resisting crack development under various interfacial conditions was evaluated. RESULTS : The elastic modulus of the fibers was not sensitive to the behavior of the FRA in the DENT test before crack initiation. After crack development, the fracture resistance of the FRA was found to have enhanced considerably as the elastic modulus of the fibers increased from 450 MPa to 900 MPa. When the adhesion between the fibers and asphalt concrete was sufficiently high, the fiber reinforcement was effective. It means that the interfacial bonding conditions affect the fracture resistance of the FRA significantly. CONCLUSIONS : The bar/spring element models were more effective in representing the local behavior of the fibers and interfacial bonding than the fracture energy approach. The reinforcement effect is more significant after crack initiation, as the fibers can be pulled out sufficiently. Both the elastic modulus of the fiber reinforcement and the interfacial bonding were significant in controlling crack development in the FRA.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2004

The effect of refining conditions and grammage on the stiffness of linerboard was investigated. The correlations between Taber stiffness and resonance stiffness were very low due to the different measuring principle. The refining conditions did not affect sig nificantly on both Taber and resonance stiffness estimated here. This means that it is strongly recommended to find and apply the refining conditions which can reduce specific energy consumption. Taber stiffness showed very high correlation for the thickness and elastic modulus of linerboard, while the resonance stiffness showed much lower correlation. Effective thicknesses for Taber stiffness were very well fitted with measured thickness, while those for resonance stiffness depended on the grammage of linerboard.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.1393-1400
• /
• 2002

A double cantilever sandwich-beam method has been applied to the evaluation of the frequency dependence of dynamic elastic modulus and material loss factor of EPDM rubbers. The flexural vibration of a double cantilever sandwich-beam specimen with an inserted rubber layer was studied using a finite element simulation in combination with the sine-sweep test. Effects of the rubber layer length on the dynamic characteristics were also investigated: reliable values were measured when the length of the inserted rubber layer was larger than and equal to 50% of the effective specimen length. The values were compared with those obtained by the dynamic mechanical analysis and the simple resonant test. Relationships of the dynamic characteristics of rubbers with frequency could be determined using the least square error method.

• KSTLE International Journal
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.32-35
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the structure and mechanical properties of laser-processed pads on their polishing behavior such as their removal rate and WIWNU (within wafer non-uniformity) during the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. The holes on the pad acted as the reservoir of slurry particles and enhanced the removal rate. Without grooves, no effective removal of wafers was possible. When the length of the circular-type grooves was increased, higher removal rates and lower wafer non-uniformity were measured. The removal rate and non-uniformity linearly increased as the elastic modulus of the top pad increased. Higher removal rates and lower non-uniformity were measured as the hardness of the pad increased.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.760-766
• /
• 1995

Young's Modulus와 단지 기하학적 테이타를 이용하여 흘드다운스프링의 탄성강성도를 해석하는 방법을 제시하였다. 제시된 이 방법은 엔지니어링 빔이론과 카스티릴아노 이론을 이용하여 판형흘드다운스프링의 탄성강성도 해석에 적용하였다. 이러한 방법의 효율성과 신뢰성을 보여주기 위하여 제안된 방법으로 부터의 탄성강성도를 여러가지 형태의 홀드다운스프링의 시험결과와 비교하였다. 이러한 결과비교에 의해 제안된 방법이 판형홀드다운스프링의 탄성강성도를 구하는데 있어서 효과적임을 입증하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2018

철근 콘크리트 부재에서 균열은 구조적 요인 뿐만 아니라 재료적 인자에 의해서도 발생한다. 이러한 균열의 크기와 발생 위치를 파악하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 도로교설계기준(한계상태설계법)과 콘크리트구조기준(2012)에서는 균열을 제어하기 위해 직접균열제어 방법과 간접균열제어 방법을 제시하였다. 콘크리트구조기준 본문에서는 사용하중 하에서 철근 간격을 사용하여 간접적으로 균열을 제어한다. 이에 반해, 콘크리트구조기준 부록에서는 지속하중 하에서 균열폭을 통해 직접적으로 균열을 제어한다. 즉, 균열 제어를 위해 고려하는 하중 상태가 상이하다. 그러나 도로교설계기준에서는 사용하중조합에서 균열을 제어하고, 유효탄성계수를 사용하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 고정 하중과 활하중의 비율을 반영할 수 있는 유효탄성계수를 적용한 설계 균열폭으로부터 최대철근간격을 산정하였다. 그리고 변수 해석을 수행하여 합리적인 균열 검증 방법에 대하여 모색하였다. 해석 결과 콘크리트구조기준으로부터 유도된 철근 간격은 도로교설계기준으로부터 유도된 값보다 작아 보수적인 설계를 유도하였다. 또한, 이 연구에서 제시한 최대철근간격은 직접균열제어와 간접균열제어 사이의 차이를 제거하여 해석의 일관성을 확보할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.136-139
• /
• 2012

Magnetic nanoparticles for ferromagnetic fluids and magnetorheological fluids were prepared by chemical coprecipitation and mechanical milling, respectively. The surface-treated particles were dispersed at various weight ratios into a medium of polyethylene glycol. In order to evaluate the elastic modulus of the fluids, ultrasonic pulse velocities were measured with an ultrasonic test using transducers of 5MHz and 2.25MHz. The ultrasonic signals were only available with a transducer of 2.25 MHz at fluid concentrations of 5 mg/ml and lower. In the case of applying transducers over 2.25 MHz and concentrations over 5 mg/ml to the fluids, it was impossible to observe effective ultrasonic signals due to an excessive scattering of the pulses by the dispersed particles. Elastic moduli of the magnetorheological fluids were 5.44 GPa and 6.13 GPa with concentrations of 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively; these values were higher by 40% than the values of 4.04 GPa and 4.28 GPa of ferromagnetic fluids at the same concentrations. As for the effect of an external magnetic field on these dilute fluids, the ultrasonic signals were positioned in a very similar way, which was probably due to insufficient arrangement of the particles even though the reflection energy of the ultrasonic waves apparently increased.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제33권11호
• /
• pp.1249-1255
• /
• 2009

Cord-rubber composites widely used in tires show very complicated mechanical behavior such as nonlinearity and large deformation. Three-phase(cord, rubber and the interface) modeling has been used to analyze the stress distribution in the cord-rubber composites more accurately. In this study, finite element methods were performed using two-dimensional generalized plane strain element and plane strain element to investigate the stress distribution and effective modulus of cord-rubber composites. Neo Hookean model was used for rubber property and several interface properties were assumed for various loading directions. It was found that the interface properties affect the effective modulus and the distributions of shear stress.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
• /
• pp.370-376
• /
• 2001

When an adhesive joint is exposed to high environmental temperature, the tensile load capability of the adhesive joint decreases because the elastic modulus and failure strength of structural adhesive decrease. The thermo-mechanical properties of structural adhesive can be improved by addition of fillers to the adhesive. In this paper, the elastic modulus and failure strength of adhesives as well as the tensile load capability of tubular single lap adhesive joints were experimentally and theoretically investigated with respect to the volume fraction of filler (alumina) and the environmental temperature. Also the tensile modulus of the fille containing epoxy adhesive was predicted using a new equation which considers filler shape, filler content and environmental temperature. The tensile load capability of the adhesive joint was predicted by using the effective strain obtained from the finite element analysis and a new failure model, from which the relation between the bonding length and the crack length was developed with respect to the volume fraction of filler.