• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise therapy to oldwomen's muscle strength and IADL. The result of this study were the following : 1. The elderly group showed significant difference(p<.000) on effect of grip strength between pre and post after regular exercise. 2. The elderly group showed significant difference(p<.000) on effect of back strength between pre and post after regular exercise. 3. The elderly group showed significant difference(p<.000) on effect of leg strength between pre and post after regular exercise. 4. The elderly group showed significant difference(p<.000) on effect of IADL between pre and post after regular exercise. As a result of this study, the effect of exercise training program had improved muscle strength and IADL.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.343-365
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• 2022

본 논문은 정부가 시행한 1차 계절관리제의 초미세먼지 농도 감소 효과를 통계적 기법을 통해 확인하는 것이다. 특히 본 논문은 이러한 정책효과가 지역별(서해안, 남해안, 동해안)로 차이가 발생할 수 있다는 가설을 검정하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 이중차분법(DID, difference-in-difference)을 활용하여 정책 시행 기간(2019년 12월~2020년 3월) 지역과 무관하게 발생한 코로나19, 따듯한 겨울 등 시간적 특이성을 제거하여 순수한 정책효과만 분석하였다. 분석 결과 석탄화력발전소에 대한 정부의 1차 계절관리제는 초미세먼지 감소 효과가 있었으나, 지역별로 그 효과에 차이가 존재하였다. 특히 서해안 지역의 감소 효과가 가장 크고, 남해안 지역이 그다음으로 효과가 있었으나 동해안 지역의 경우 감소 효과가 통계적으로 확인되지 못했다. 결과적으로 본 논문은 현재와 같이 지역과 무관하게 계절관리제를 운영하는 방식은 개선될 필요가 있다는 시사점을 도출하였다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.157-171
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of fashion information source in the stage of purchase decision-making and difference by stage of purchase decision-making and difference by stage of the effect extend, and to analyze the difference by fashion information source. For this study, the data were collected through the questionnaire distributed to 337 female students from five universities. The results are as follows: 1) There was significant difference among the effect to fashion information source according to the purchase decision-making stage. At the adoption stage, fashion information source have the most effect on clothing purchase. 2) The effect of Impersonal Source in the purchase decision-making stage was gradually decreased fro the initial (awareness, interest) sage to the late stage. 3) The effect of Personal Source in the purchase decision-making stage was gradually increased from the initial (awareness, interest) stage to the late stage. 4) Addition stage was highly influenced by friend and family that was Personal Independent Source than other fashion information source. However the final selection on clothing purchase was not influenced by friend and family. 5. There was significant difference among the effect of fashion information source according to the grade. Low garde students were highly influenced by Personal Source on clothing purchase, but high grade students were highly influenced by Impersonal Sources on clothing purchase. 6) There was significant difference among the effect of fashion information source according to the major. The students a majored clothing & textile-design were highly influenced by Impersional Source. These results suggest that fashion information source was significantly different according to purchase decision-making stage and was influenced by grade and major of subjects.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.36-52
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• 2000

This study takes an issue of efficiency analysis in the presence of network effect utilizing the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) framework. Network effect has important policy implication for the regulation of local monopolies which undertake their business through physical network, such as electricity, natural gas, local telephony, etc. If the difference in spatial condition between companies is not controlled properly, the performance comparison and associated incentive regulation bear significant bias. In this study, we propose a methodology to measure the true managerial or technical efficiency apart from efficiency difference accruing from the difference in spatial condition. A series of modified DEA efficiency models are combined to investigate the extent of exogenous and endogenous efficiency component in the Korean natural gas distribution companies. Empirical results show that the network effect plays significant role in determining superficial performance difference.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

With rapid urbanization and reckless urban development in the 21st century, the urban environment has gradually gotten worse, and urban heat island effect has been dramatically intensified. Thus, the importance of street greenery that can mitigate the urban heat island effect has further been highlighted. In this regard, this study was aimed at selecting suitable plant species for street greenery to reduce the urban heat island effect. Towards this end, five roads located in Seocho-gu, Seoul were selected as study sites, and plant species composition and difference of surface temperature were compared and analyzed in relation to the light transmittance. The street with the greatest temperature difference is Bangbae-ro(Platanus occidentalis). On the other hand, the road with the lowest temperature difference is Nambusunhwan-doro(Metasequoia Glyptostroboides). The effect of temperature reduction was found to be associated with light transmittance.Bangbae-ro(Platanus occidentalis) with the lowest light transmittance showed the highest temperature difference and Nambusunhwan-doro(Metasequoia Glyptostroboides) with the highest light transmittance showed the lowest temperature difference. It is analyzed that there are most differences in temperature when the amount of lights coming in between the crown is small. The temperature reduction effect can be obtained by planting deciduous broad-leaved trees. Also species with dense crown and broad width of crown will be able to maximize the effect of temperature reduction. In future studies, it will be necessary to expand the other species of trees in the street, and analyze the germicidal trees and shrubs as well as the differences in the packaging materials.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.125-150
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• 2009

본고는 기업교육훈련의 시장실패에 대한 정부 개입인 고용보험 재직자 직업능력개발사업의 훈련제고 효과를 살펴보았다. 선택편의 및 내생성 문제를 통제하면서 정부 개입의 효과를 보기 위해 2004~2006년 HRD-Net 자료와 한신 평자료를 결합하여 재직자 직업능력개발사업에 참여한 기업 그룹과 동일한 특성을 갖는 비참여 기업 그룹을 성향점수매칭의 방법으로 구성하고, difference-in-difference의 방법으로 정부 개입 효과를 추정해 보았다. 정부의 기업교육훈련 개입이 일정한 양(+)의 효과를 가지고 있지만, 그 효과는 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

We have not identified on what gender difference during gait at a pace of one's preferred velocity effects on the function of bilateral lower limb. This study was undertaken to investigate a difference of gait strategy by gender during gait at a one's preferred velocity of participants of adult male and female (n=20). Cinematographic data for motion analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) variables, and muscle volume of lower limb were analyzed. Significant difference of variables on movement of center of mass whole body, joint angle and moment of lower limb, and ground reaction force were tested by 2-way ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). Male group showed more muscle volume than female, and both showed more volume in dominant leg than non-dominant. Main effect by bilateral leg during gait showed higher difference in right than left leg in change of vertical position of center of mass (maximal, minimal). Main effect by gender in vertical change of position and velocity of center of mass showed higher difference in male than female (maximal, minimal). Hip joint showed more flexed and extended angle in male than female, and also dorsiflexion of ankle and flexion moment of knee and hip joint showed higher in male than female group. Therefore, this result was assumed that dominant showed furthermore more contribution for propulsive function than non-dominant leg. Gender difference showed in strategy controlling of biomechanical characteristics, and perhaps influenced by muscle volume.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.2245-2252
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• 2005

Thermal stratification in the branch piping of power plants can be generated by turbulent penetration or by valve leakage. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed to estimate the thermal stratification phenomenon by in-leakage in the SIS branch piping of nuclear power plant. Leakage rate, leakage area and leakage location were selected as evaluation factors to investigate the thermal stratification effect. As a result of the thermal stratification effect according to leakage rate, the maximum temperature difference between top and bottom of the horizontal piping was evaluated to be about 185K when the valve leakage rate was about 10 times as much as the allowed leakage rate. For leakage rate more than 10 times the allowed leakage rate, the temperature difference was rapidly decreased due to the increased mixing effect. In the result according to leakage area, the magnitude of temperature difference was shown in order of $3\%,\;1\%\;and\;5\%$ leakage area of the total disk area. In the thermal stratification effect, according to the leakage location, temperature difference when leakage occurred in the lower disk was considerably higher than that of when leakage occurred in the upper disk.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of long-term(6 Month) aquatic exercise through home nursing care demonstration on body weight, body fat, pain, muscle strength, self-efficacy and quality of life. Twenty-one women with rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled in the study. The sample was restricted to women in order to increase homogeneity. All patients were stable medication regimens in rheumatism center. The data was collected from October, 1994 to November, 1995. The data were analyzed Mean, Standard Deviation, $x^2$ Test, Mann-Whitney U-Wilcoxon Rank Sum W Test, Wilcoxon Matched-pairs signed-ranks test using SPSS $pc^+$ program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on body weight. 2. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on body fat. 3. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on pain(RAI). 4. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on muscle strength. 5. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on quality of life. But in the experimental group, finding from additional analysis showed significant difference in the score of quality of life between pre and post experiment. 6. There was no significant difference between the control and the experimental group on self-efficacy. The findings in this study were not support the positive effect of long-term aquatic exercise in women with rheumatoid arthritis. A further study is necessary to determine the pure effect of aquatic exercise except the effect of home nursing care.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.631-652
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• 2023

In the two-condition within-subject mediation design, pairs of variables such as mediator and outcome are observed under two treatment conditions. The main objective of the design is to investigate the indirect effects of the condition difference (sum) on the outcome difference (sum) through the mediator difference (sum) for comparison of two treatment conditions. The natural condition variables mean the original variables, while the rotated condition variables mean the difference and the sum of two natural variables. The outcome difference (sum) is expressed as a linear model regressed on two natural (rotated) mediators as a parallel two-mediator design in two condition approaches: the natural condition approach uses regressors as the natural condition variables, while the rotated condition approach uses regressors as the rotated condition variables. In each condition approach, the total indirect effect on the outcome difference (sum) can be expressed as the sum of two individual indirect effects: within- and cross-condition indirect effects. The total indirect effects on the outcome difference (sum) for both condition approaches are the same. The invariance of the total indirect effect makes it possible to analyze the nature of two pairs of individual indirect effects induced from the natural conditions and the rotated conditions. The two-condition within-subject design is extended to the addition of a between-subject moderator. Probing of the conditional indirect effects given the moderator values is implemented by plotting the bootstrap confidence intervals of indirect effects against the moderator values. The expected indirect effect with respect to the moderator is derived to provide the overall effect of moderator on the indirect effect. The model coefficients are estimated by the structural equation modeling approach and their statistical significance is tested using the bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. All procedures are evaluated using function lavaan() of package {lavaan} in R.