• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2020

This study was conducted to verify the physiological activity of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 probiotics in fermented milk. The anti-inflammatory effects of fermented milk supplemented with different concentrations (0, 100, and 500 ㎍/mL) of E. faecalis EF-2001 were determined using MTT assay and nitric oxide inhibition assay. The MTT assay was performed using RAW 264.7 cells. Results revealed that the rates of cytotoxicity and cell survival decreased significantly with increase in the concentration of heat-killed probiotics (p<0.05). Moreover, fermented milk supplemented with 100 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM1) and the fermented milk supplemented with 500 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM2) exhibited higher nitric oxide inhibition than normal fermented milk (NFM). Additionally, EFM2 significantly reduced the ratio of prostaglandin E₂ compared to NFM (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment sample showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than NFM. The findings of this study could be used as a basic guideline for manufacturing of NFM supplemented with heat-killed probiotics.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1752-1759
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• 2022

Objective: Effects of direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages (EF-BP) were investigated as potential substitutes for pharmacological ZnO for weanling pigs. Methods: Dietary treatments were supplementations to a basal diet with none (NC), 3,000-ppm ZnO (PC), 1×10¹⁰ colony-forming units of E. faecium plus 1×10⁸ plaque-forming units (PFU) of anti-Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages (ST) or 1×10⁶ PFU of each of anti-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (F4)-, K99 (F5)-, and F18-type bacteriophages (EC) per kg diet. In Exp 1, twenty-eight 21-day-old crossbred weanling pigs were individually fed one of the experimental diets for 14 days and euthanized for histological examination on intestinal mucosal morphology. In Exp 2, 128 crossbred weanling pigs aged 24 days were group-fed the same experimental diets in 16 pens of 8 piglets on a farm with a high incidence of post-weaning diarrhea. Results: None of the diarrheal score or fecal consistency score (FCS), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio, structural variables of the intestinal villus, and goblet cell density, differed between the EF-BP (ST+EC) and NC groups, between EF-BP and PC, or between ST and EC, with the exception of greater gain: feed for EF-BP than for PC (p<0.05) during days 7 to 14 (Exp 1). In Exp 2, ADG was less for EF-BP vs PC during days 0 to 7 and greater for EF-BP vs NC during days 7 to 14. FCS peaked on day 7 and declined by day 14. Moreover, FCS was less for EF-BP vs NC, did not differ between EF-BP and PC, and tended to be greater for ST vs EC (p = 0.099). Collectively, EF-BP was comparable to or slightly less effective than PC in alleviating diarrhea and growth check of the weanling pigs, with ST almost as effective as PC, when they were group-fed. Conclusion: The E. faecium-bacteriophage recipe, especially E. faecium-anti-S. typhimurium, is promising as a potential substitute for pharmacological ZnO.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether age, body mass index(BMI) and exercise frequency(EF) are correlated with knee joint position sense in healthy women. Methods : Healthy women of 150 who participated in this study were tested knee joint position sense; each reposition error was analyzed according to the age, BMI and EF. Reposition error was measured with a Myrin goniometer. Results : The age groups, BMI groups and EF groups demonstrated significant differences of the knee joint position sense. The older the healthy women are, the higher BMI is, and the lower EF is, the more decreased knee joint position sense has become. Conclusion : The older the women are, the higher BMI is, and the lower EF is, the more decreased the knee joint position sense in healthy women is. Therefore it needs to be considered to require management of obesity and regular exercise for prevention of knee injuries due to decreased joint position sense.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1086-1091
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• 2008

The antioxidant activities of the extracts of dangyuja (Citrus grandis Osbeck) leaves were evaluated. The highest phenolic content was obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) (202.1$\pm$0.8 mg GAE/g dried extract) and it exhibited the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. The cytoprotective effects of EF on oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells, were investigated to understand the intracellular antioxidant mechanisms. Treatment of HepG2 cells with EF prior to oxidative stress was found to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies on EF resulted in tentative identification of 19 compounds representing 94.3% of the total content. Taken together, these results demonstrated that EF has excellent antioxidant activities and thus dangyuja leaves have great potential as a source for natural antioxidant which can be applied in food products.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Gagamjeongji-hwan (JJH)(Jiajiandingzhi-wan) and Evoidae Fructus (EF) on learning and memory disturbance and neuronal damage induced by focal ischemia in the rat. Rats were used for testing in the following three. Morris Water Maze, Cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry, acetylcholine esterase (AchE) histochemistry. JJH+ISCH group (ischemia-induced rats pretreated with JJH) and EF+ISCH group (ischemia-induced rats pretreated with EF) significantly reduced the latency of swimming time, compared with those of ISCH group (ischemia-induced rats) in morris water maze acquisition test. JJH+ISCH group attenuated ischemia.induced learning and memory damage in morris water maze retention test. The density of ChAT neurons of the JJH+ISCH and EF+ISCH group in the hippocampal CA1 area was increased, compared to that of SAL+ISCH group (ischemia-induced rats pretreated with SAL). The density of AchE neurons of the JJH+ISCH and EF+ISCH group in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 area was increased, compared to that of SAL+ISCH group. These results suggest that Gagamjeongji-hwan (JJH) and Evodiae Fructus (EF) may have significant protective effects on ischemia-induced brain damage and memory impairments.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2018

Purpose: Cardiotoxicity is a serious late complication of breast cancer treatment. Individual treatment risk of specific drugs has been investigated. However, studies on the evaluation of the composite risk of chemotherapeutic agents are limited. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of breast cancer patients who received adjuvant treatment and had available serial echocardiography results. Patients were assigned to subgroups based on chemotherapy containing anthracyclines (A), anthracyclines and taxanes (A+T), and radiotherapy (RT). The development of cardiac disease and serial ejection fraction (EF) were reviewed. EF decline up to 10% from baseline was considered grade 1 cardiotoxicity and EF decline >20% or absolute value <50% was considered grade 2 cardiotoxicity. The most recent medical records and echocardiography results over 1 year of chemotherapy completion were also reviewed. Late cardiotoxicity was defined as a lack of recovery of EF decline or aggravated EF decline from baseline. Results: In total, 123 patients were evaluated. A small reduction in EF was observed after chemotherapy in both chemotherapy groups. There were no significant differences between groups A and A+T in EF decline following chemotherapy. We could not find any differences in composite risk between the chemotherapy groups and the RT group during follow-up. Late cardiotoxicity was seen in 15.45% of patients. During follow-up, three patients were diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusion: There was no significant composite risk elevation following adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. However, late cardiotoxicity was considerable and further research in this direction is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.336-343
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• 2021

Fumigation of fruits and vegetables during quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) treatment should be effective with a shorter fumigation time to minimize phytotoxicity. In this research study, a shorter fumigation time, 2 hours exposure which is shorter than that of the current commercial fumigation procedures using a lower dose of ethyl formate (EF) mixed with phosphine (PH₃) on strawberry was investigated. The reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ against nymphs and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was evaluated. In addition, L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of EF only and EF mixed with PH₃ were analyzed at 5℃ and 20℃. The synergistic ratio (SR) of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ for the nymph and adult stages of M. persicae were >1.0, which indicated a synergistic effect between EF and PH₃. However, the SR values of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae were ≤1.0 indicating that there was no synergistic effect between the two fumigants against T. urticae. Our results showed that the reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ has different effects on M. persicae and T. urticae. This could be attributed to the biological and physical differences between the class Arachnida and Insecta. The synergistic effect between EF and PH₃ against M. persicae within a shorter exposure period and without phytotoxicity on fruits and vegetables will significantly benefit the horticultural industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2006

Electro-flotation(EF), a novel sludge thickening method, could improve the dewaterability of activated sludge. The gas(microbubbles) generated during EF decreased the solid-liquid separation time below 1/5 of the time required for gravity sedimentation. In addition, over 90% of the sludge volume reduction could be achieved by EF although the settling characteristics of the sludge was very poor. The SRF(specific resistance to filtration) of the thickened sludge by EF was much lower than that of the sludge thickened by gravity sedimentation. The SRF of the thickened sludge decreased exponentially with increase of gas generation rate of the EF system. Gas generation rate could be controlled by varying the current density of the electrode. Degasing of the microbubbles by vigorous mixing of the thickened sludge layer deteriorated the dewaterability of the sludge. Therefore, it is obvious that the gas bubbles entrapped in the thickened sludge play a key role in the observed dewaterability improvement.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2017

Diesel engines with compression-ignition type have superior thermal efficiency, durability and reliability compared to gasoline engine. To control emitted gas from the engines, it can be applied to alternative fuel without any modification to the engine. Therefore, in this study, as a basic study for applying emulsified fuel to the actual diesel engine, analysis of spray behavior characteristics of emulsified fuel was carried out simultaneously by experimental and numerical method. The emulsified fuel consist of diesel, hydrogen peroxide, and surfactant. The surfactant for manufacturing emulsified fuel is comprised of span 80 and tween 80 mixed as 9:1 and fixed with 3% of the total volume of the emulsified fuel. In addition, six kinds of emulsified fuel(EF0, EF2, EF12, EF22, EF32, and EF42) were manufactured according to the mixing ratio of hydrogen peroxide. The droplet and spray experiments were performed to observe the behavior characteristics of the emulsified fuel. The numerical analysis was carried out using ANSYS CFX to confirm the microscopic behavior characteristics. Consequently, rapid mixture formation can be expected due to evaporation of hydrogen peroxide in emulsified fuel, and it is confirmed that Reitz&Diwakar breakup model is most suitable as breakup model to be applied to the numerical analysis.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 2006

Eosinophilic fasciitis(EF) is a very rare clinical syndrome, especially during childhood. It is characterized by diffuse fasciitis and peripheral eosinophilia. Little is known about the pathogenesis of EF, and it is suggested that immunologic alteration may play a role. Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) is known to cause a variety of diseases via immune mechanism. We report a 22 month old boy with EF following EBV infection, which may be associated with pathogenesis of EF.