• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.91-107
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• 2005

To study the effects of EF(Eriobotryae Folium) herbal acupuncture on asthma, we injected EF-HAS into Jok-samni(ST36) of C57BL/6 mice Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EF-HA(herbal acupuncture) at ST36 on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). Experimental groups were treated with concentrations(1%) of EF-HA at Jok-samni(ST36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Result : 1. The weight and total cells of lung of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with that of Control group. 2. Total Leukocytes and Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 4. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 in BALF of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 5. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in Serum of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 6. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+,\;CD3^-/CCR3^+,\;CD4^+,\;CD8^+,\;CD3e^+/CD69^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with EF-HA decreased significantly compared with those of Control group. 7. The cytokine's manifestation of mRNA of the mice group treated with EF-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with that of Control group. Conclusion : We conclude that EF-HA is effective on OVA-induced asthma of C57BL/6 mouse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2014

Study on effluent organic matter (EfOM) characteristic and removal efficiency is required, because EfOM is important in regard to the stability of effluents reuse, quality issues of artificial recharge and water conservation of aqueous system. UV technology is widely used in wastewater treatment. Many reports have been conducted on microbial disinfection and micro pollutant reduction with UV treatment. However, the study on EfOM with UV has limited because low/medium pressure UV lamp is not sufficient to affect refractory organics. The high intensity of pulsed UV would mineralize EfOM itself as well as change the characteristics of EfOM. Chlorine demand and DBPs formation is affected on the changed amounts and properties of EfOM. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect on EfOM, chlorine residual, and chlorinated DBPs formation with low pressure and pulsed UV treatment. The removal of organic matter through low pressure UV treatment is insignificant effect. Pulsed UV treatment effectively removes/transforms EfOM. As a result, the chlorine consumption is changed and chlorine DBPs formation is decreased. However, excessive UV treatment caused problems of increasing chlorine consumption and generating unknown by-products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

Muscle dysfunction may arise from skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, injury, oxidative stress, and hereditary disease. Powdered heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-atrophy effects are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the effects of EF-2001 on muscle atrophy. To determine the protective effect of EF-2001 on oxidative stress, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with $H_2O_2$ to induce oxidative stress. This induced cell damage, which was reduced by treatment with EF-2001. The mechanism of EF-2001's effect was examined in response to oxidative stress. Treatment with EF-2001 reversed the expression of HSP70 and SOD1 proteins. Also, mRNA levels of Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 increased under oxidative stress conditions but decreased following EF-2001 treatment. To evaluate muscle volume, two and three dimensional models of the muscles were analyzed using micro-CT. As expected, muscle volume decreased after sciatic denervation and recovered after oral administration of EF-2001. Therefore, EF-2001 is a candidate for the treatment of muscular atrophy, and future discovery of the additional effects of EF-2001 may yield further applications as a functional food with useful activities in various fields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 1975

Relationships between yield and various nitrogen efficiencies, between efficiencies and between efficiency and nitrogen uptake amount of rice plant were proposed and tested using data from N.P.K simple trials about 30 to 50 locations, for three years. Established relationships are well in accordance with experimental results by showing highly significant correlations between them. The overall indications are that high yielding capacity of fields with fertilizer application, depends primarily on high fertilizer nitrogen uptake by increasing fertilizer use efficiency (Eu), secondly the efficiency (Ef) of absorbed fertilizer nitrogen (Nf) and fertilization efficiency (Fe) and also depends much on nitrogen efficiency for grain yield (E) to great extend and that the efficiency (Es) of soil nitrogen (Ns) contributes to E more than Ef does. All nitrogen efficiencies are negatively correlated with the uptake amount of corresponding nitrogen and counterpart efficiency. Es and Ef could be determined firstly by difference method and secondly E versus Cs (Cs=Ns/Ns+Nf) plotting and thirdly E-Cs plotting with labelled fertilizermethod using the equation E=Es Cs+B where B=Ef Cf but a constant under the given condition and at last Y-Ns plotting with labelled fertilizer using Eq Y=$Es{\cdot}Ns+B$ where B=$Ef{\cdot}Nf$. Es which seems not much variable from field to field is mostly greater (about 80% of tested fields) than Ef which is much variable and depends much on fertilizer form. The relationships tested and well agreed are as follows: 1. Y=$Es{\cdot}Ns+Ef{\cdot}Nf$ (Y is yield) 2. E=$Es{\cdot}Cs+Ef{\cdot}Cf$ where Cf=Nf/Nf+Ns 3. E=b-aN where E=E, Es or Ef and N=N, Ns or Nf respectively, (E=Y/N, N=Nf+Ns), b is theoretical maximum under the given system and a is tangent at N=O of the curve, Y=EN. 4. Fe=Ef Eu and Se=$Es{\cdot}Eu$ where Se is efficiency of soil available nitrogen. 5. E=$(Se{\cdot}Cs+Fe{\cdot}Cf)/Eu$ 6. Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Sf+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn$or Y=$Es{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Ea{\cdot}Sn+Ef{\cdot}Eu{\cdot}Fn $where Sf=$Ea{\cdot}Sn$, Ea is soil available nitrogen equivalent to fertilizer(Sf) divided by total soil nitrogen (Sn).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2002

This study was carried out to optimize the fertigation method using fermented swine liquid manure for the growth of two western vegetables, broccoli and celery. Plants were grown in a rain-shelter house and fertilized with a range of dilutions(efflux 5 dilution=Ef. 5, efflux 10 dilution=Ef. 10, efflux 25 dilution=Ef. 25, and efflux 50 dilution=Ef. 50) of the liquid manure or with conventional application of N : P$_2$O$\_$5/ : K$_2$O = 200 : 70 : 500kg/ha for broccoli, 250 : 210 : 240 kg/ha for celery as controls. After harvest, soil pH and K content decreased after using a high concentration of the liquid manure, Ef. 5, than after treatment with weaker concentrations at Ef. 25 and Ef. 50. On the other hand, soil electrical conductivity, content of P$_2$O$\_$5/, organic matter, total nitrogen, and NO$_3$-N at Ef. 5 increased as concentration of swine liquid manure increased. After harvest, available P$_2$O$\_$5/ in plant tissue did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In broccoli, the lower concentration (Ef. 50) of swine liquid manure increased flowering over the other treatments, perhaps because the level of absorption into the plants is higher with lower concentration. The amounts of K and Ca in plant tissue were greatest after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments. Plant growth was best at Ef. 50 in broccoli, head height, head width, and head weight were the best with Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments after harvest. In celery, leaf length was greater after Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments than any other treatments. Total yield of celery of Ef. 25 and Ef. 50 treatments was twice that of conventional cultivation. On the other hand, yield severely decreased after application of high-concentration treatment at Ef. 5. In conclusion, fertigation of swine liquid manure, diluted in the range of Ef. 25 to Ef. 50, could improve yield and quality in broccoli and celery.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.711-715
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• 2005

Purpose : With the recent improved survival of extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI), enteral feeding has become a major issue. This study investigates the effects of early enteral feeding in ELBWI on their morbidity, duration of hospitalization, and mortality. Methods : ELBWI admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Samsung Medical Center from November 1994 to April 2004 who survived more than 14 days were enrolled. ELBWI were divided into two groups : an early feeding group(EF), in which enteral feeding was started within 3 days after birth; and a late feeding group(LF), in which enteral feeding was started beyond 3 days after birth. 80 ELBWI came under EF, and 131 ELBWI under LF. Results : Birth weight and gestational age did not differ between the two groups. In EF, the time to achieve full enteral feeding and the duration of parenteral nutrition were significantly shorter than in LF. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was significantly lower in EF, but the incidences of sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and cholestasis were not different between the two groups. There was no difference in the survival rate between the two groups, but the duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in EF. Conclusion : Early enteral feeding in ELBWI did not increase the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, but rather decreased the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and shortened the duration of hospitalization.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.466-476
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• 1998

We investigated the in vivo effect of an aqueous extract (referred to as EF) from Eriobotryae folium on glucokinase and hexokinase activities of diabetes mellitus induced by $interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$. After 1 week of $IL-1{\beta}$ injection, the levels of serum glucose concentration and insulin secretion were dramatically increased. However, the insulin secretion was decreased with administration of EF. The level of glucose concentration was decreased by EF administration. Furthermore, it was observed that EF was effective in recovering the levels of insulin secretion. Enzyme activities of the glucokinase and hexokinase, which are key enzymes of glucose phosphorylastion, were decreased by $IL-1{\beta}$. EF administration to the mice allowed proportional increasing by stimulation of induction of enzyme activities as high as normal group. These results suggested that EF is highly effective in treatment of diabetes mellitus induce by $IL-1{\beta}$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.294-301
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• 2006

We have previously reported that phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is related to the differentiation of chick embryonic muscle cells in culture. In the present study, we found that eEF2 phosphorylation declined shortly after induction of differentiation of L6 myoblasts, when the cells prepare for terminal differentiation by withdrawing from the cell cycle. This decrease in phosphorylation was prevented by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) that strongly inhibit myoblast differentiation. We hypothesized that PI3-kinase plays an important role in myoblast differentiation by regulating eEF2 phosphorylation in the early stages of differentiation. To test this hypothesis, myoblasts were synchronized at in $G_2/M$ and cultured in fresh differentiation medium (DM) or growth medium (GM). In DM the released cells accumulated in $G_0$/$G_1$ while in GM they progressed to S phase. In addition, cyclin D1 was more rapidly degraded in DM than in GM, and eEF2 phosphorylation decreased more. Inhibitors of PI3-kinase increased eEF2 phosphorylation, but PI3-kinase became more activated when eEF2 phosphorylation declined. These results suggest that the regulation of L6 myoblast differentiation by PI3-kinase is related to eEF2 phosphorylation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1000-1010
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the comparison of immunomodualtory effects of water-extracted Aconiti lateralis Preparata Radix(PR), Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR), Cinnamomi Cortex(CC) and Evodiae Fructus(EF). The parameter examined to assess apparent immunomodulatory effect of the water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF included the regulation of Nitric oxide (NO). Also, ZR and EF represent the expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokine, the change of B cell phenotype. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, the water-extracted ZR and EF induced IL-2, IFNr and IL-10 mRNA gene expression. Therefore, it seems that the water-extracted ZR and EF have a inducing effect of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the water-extracted ZR and EF changed B cell phenotype (CD45R/B220), did NOT in PR and CC. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF have a reducing effect of immune suppression cause by Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of the water-extracted ZR and EF may be, in part, associated with the inducing IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression In and regulation of NO production in macrophage cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.538-544
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• 2008

Activity-dependent local translation in the dendrites of brain neurons plays an important role in the synapse-specific provision of proteins necessary for strengthening synaptic connections. In this study we carried out combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunocytochemistry (IC) and showed that more than half of the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) mRNA clusters overlapped with or were immediately adjacent to clusters of PSD-95, a postsynaptic marker, in the dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Treatment of the neurons with KCl increased the density of the dendritic eEF1A mRNA clusters more than two-fold. FISH combined with IC revealed that the KCl treatment increased the density of eEF1A mRNA clusters that overlapped with or were immediately adjacent to PSD-95 clusters. These results indicate that KCl treatment increases both the density of eEF1A mRNA clusters and their synaptic association in dendrites of cultured neurons.