• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2021

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the significant reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenosides, natural molecules extracted from Panax ginseng, have been demonstrated to exert essential neuroprotective functions, which can ascribe to its anti-oxidative effect, enhancing central metabolism and improving mitochondrial function. However, a comprehensive analysis of cellular mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginsenoside treatment under Aβ-oxidative stress is missing. Methods: The antioxidant activities of ginsenoside Rb₁, Rd, Re, Rg₁ were compared by measuring the cell survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Next, the protective effects of ginsenosides of mitochondrial bioenergetics were examined by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PC12 cells under Aβ-oxidative stress with an extracellular flux analyzer. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial dynamics were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: Ginsenoside Rg₁ possessed the strongest anti-oxidative property, and which therefore provided the best protective function to PC12 cells under the Aβ oxidative stress by increasing ATP production to 3 folds, spare capacity to 2 folds, maximal respiration to 2 folds and non-mitochondrial respiration to 1.5 folds, as compared to Aβ cell model. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 enhanced MMP and mitochondrial interconnectivity, and simultaneously reduced mitochondrial circularity. Conclusion: In the present study, these results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg₁ could be the best natural compound, as compared with other ginsenosides, by modulating the OCR of cultured PC12 cells during oxidative phosphorylation, in regulating MMP and in improving mitochondria dynamics under Aβ-induced oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.836-843
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• 2022

In the present study, exposure to heavy metals by consumption of edible seaweeds (green laver, laver, hijiki, sea tangle, and sea mustard) was assessed based on their concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg). The mean of heavy metal concentrations were 0.006-0.023 mg/kg for Pb, 0.037-0.156 mg/kg for Cd, 1.117-15.928 mg/kg for As, and 0.008-0.021 mg/kg for Hg. In multivariate analysis, the correlations were high between Pb levels in sea mustard, Cb levels in laver, and As and Hg level in Hijiki. However, the estimated daily intake and target hazard quotient (THQ) of the heavy metals in edible seaweeds were below their approved limits suggesting no health risks associated with seaweed consumption by Koreans.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.428-440
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• 2023

Global meat consumption is increasing worldwide, however, supply remains lacking. Several alternative protein sources, such as cultured meat, plant-based protein production, and edible insects, have been proposed to overcome this shortage. Interestingly, edible insects are characterized by superior digestive and absorptive qualities that make them the ideal replacement for traditional protein production. This study aims to further the processing ability of insect protein by investigating the effects of various pre-treatment methods, such as blanching (HB), roasting (HR), and superheated steam (HS), on the nutritional properties and physicochemical characteristics of proteins extracted from Hermetia illucens larvae. The drying rate, pH value, color analysis, amino and fatty acid profile, as well as bulk density, shear force, and rehydration ratios of the above pre-treatment methods, were explored. HS was found to have the highest drying rate and pH value analysis showed that HB and HS samples have significantly higher values compared to the other modalities. Raw edible insects had the highest value in the sum of essential amino acid (EAA) and EAA index when compared to EAAs. HB and HS showed significantly lower bulk density results, and HS showed the highest shear force and the highest value in rehydration ratio, regardless of immersion time. Therefore, taking the above results together, it was found that blanching and superheated steam blanching pre-treatment were the most effective methods to improve the processing properties of H. illucens after hot-air drying.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.219-229
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• 2023

Consumer demand for products with health benefits and natural ingredients is significant for the expansion of functional foods. Edible films and coatings are an excellent way to diversify the market for functional foods and as substitutes for the prevailing packaging and products. Incorporation of whey protein (WP) and its active ingredients into edible films and coatings is a promising technique that can be applied to various food products. Numerous combinations can be used on an industrial scale depending on the purpose, product, nature of the film, type of active ingredient, and type of inclusions. In this review, we describe several characteristics of edible WP films and coatings used as novel packaging materials. WP-based packaging can play a beneficial role in sustainability because of the option of recycling materials rather than incinerating, as in synthetic laminates, because of the use of natural byproducts from the food industry as raw materials. However, cost-effectiveness is a driving force against industrial setbacks in current and future WP processing developments. The industrial application of this new technology depends on further scientific research aimed at identifying the mechanism of film formation to improve the performance of both the process and product. Furthermore, research such as consumer studies and long-term toxicity assessments are required to obtain significant market shares.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.270-283
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• 2017

In a survey on higher fungi from 2004 to 2011, and also in 2013, in Naejangsan National Park, a total of 2 divisions, 7 classes, 21 orders, 74 families, 229 genera, and 521 species were observed. Dominant species belonged to the families Boletaceae and Russulaceae (44 species), Agaricaceae (35 species), Polyporaceae (29 species), and Amanitaceae (27 species). For the habitat environment, 21 families, 44 genera, and 192 species (36.9%) (63 species of poisonous mushroom, 79 species of edible and medicinal mushroom, and 43 species of unknown edible & poisonous mushroom) of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were found; 41 families, 118 genera, and 199 species (38.2%) (14 species of poisonous mushroom, 85 species of edible & medicinal mushroom, and 90 species of unknown edible and poisonous mushroom) of litter decomposing and wood rotting fungi were found, and 29 families, 66 genera, and 121 species (23.2%) (8 species of poisonous mushroom, 54 species of edible and medicinal mushroom, and 47 species of unknown edible & poisonous mushroom) of grounding fungi were found, and 9 species were the other habitat. In terms of seasonality, most of the higher fungi were found in July, August, and September. In terms of altitude, the most species were observed at 200~299 m, and populations dropped by a significant level at an altitude of 700 m or higher. It seemed that the most diversified higher fungi occurred at climate conditions with a mean air temperature of $25.0{\sim}28.9^{\circ}C$, a maximum air temperature of $30.0{\sim}33.9^{\circ}C$, a minimum air temperature of $21.0{\sim}24.9^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity of 73.0~79.9%, and over 400.0 mm of rainfall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.991-995
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop an edible culture media with various types of cereals and soybeans for the pre-cultivation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). To manufacture the edible culture media, LAB enrichment media were prepared using cereals such as brown rice (including germinated brown rice, glutinous brown rice, and germinated glutinous brown rice), yellow soybeans (including yellow soybeans, hulled yellow soybeans, germinated yellow soybeans, hulled and germinated yellow soybeans), and black soybeans (black soybeans, hulled black soybeans, germinated black soybeans, hulled and germinated black soybeans). Seven species of LAB were used in the experiment: Lactobacillus (Lb.) farciminis, Lb. homohiochii, Lb. pentosus, Lb. plantarum, Leuconostoc (Leu.) paramesenteroides, Leu. citreum, and Leu. lactis. For edible culture media from cereals, the average viable cell count of the seven starter cultures was 7.6~8.0 log CFU/mL, while that of the MRS culture medium, a synthetic medium, was 9.2 log CFU/mL; thus proliferation was lower by about 1~2 log CFU/mL in starter cultures from cereals compared to the synthetic medium. In the case of the edible culture media from soybeans, most bacteria showed higher proliferation in the hulled and germinated soybean media. In particular, Lb. plantarum showed the highest cell count at 10.08 log CFU/mL. In the case of edible culture media from black soybeans, the proliferation rate was higher in the hulled and germinated black soybean medium. Lb. homohiochii showed the highest proliferation in the hulled and germinated black soybean medium at 9.90 log CFU/mL. All results show that edible culture media using cereals and soybeans are generally good for LAB. Especially, hulled and germinated black soybeans are optimal for the pre-cultivation of LAB medium.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1971

In order to investigate chemical components of edible marine algae in Korea, the present work is carried out with ten edible and two non-edible species of brown algae, collected from Cheju-island during October, 28-30 in 1970. Among the general components, water content is about 14-16% to dry weight and the crude protein about 16%, which are almost similar in content compared with several non-cultivate edible land plants. The content of crude fat is about 0.7-2.0%, and that of crude fiber about 3-8%, while the content of crude ash is 9.17-16.89%. The last one is more than two times in content compared with the land plants. The reducing sugar is about 0.27-2.49% in general. On the other hand, among the minerals Ca content is the most abundant, 1.73-2.51%, and the next is S, 1.0-1.8%. Mg and I are around 0.1-1%, while K and Na are about 1% in content. Among the micro-elements, Fe and Zn are about 0.01-0.03%, and Cu and Mn 0.001-0.005% in content. There is no special significant difference in chemical components between the edible and non-edible species of brown algae. Moreover, so far as the present investigation is concerned, there can be found no significant inter-species relationship on the taxonomical or phylogenetical points of view, considering their components.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine chemical compounds and antioxidant in Aruncus dioicus. Further, effects of cultural practices such as the shading conditions on the general compounds, essential oils and antioxidants. The chemical compounds and antioxidant activity of edible extracts on the shading cultivation and harvesting time were measured by crude fiber, pigments, higher fatty acids, essential oils and DPPH free radical scavenging ability and activities of SOD and POD in edible shooting parts of Aruncus dioicus. The contents of crude fiber, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids in extracts of edible shooting by shading cultivation and later harvesting were higher than those of non-shading cultivation and early harvesting. Phenolic compounds such as benzoic acid were identified as the aromatic compounds in the edible extracts of Aruncus dioicus. The contents of azulene, benzaldehyde and linalool among those compounds on the cultivation conditions increased in shading cultivation. $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH free radical scavenging activities were high from 6.644 to $14.499{mu}g/m{\ell}$ in extracts of edible parts and those of edible shooting parts was high such as edible shooting cultivated by 60% shading, 30% shading and non-shading, respectively. The activity of POD and SOD in seeds was lower than that of edible shooting and that by shading cultivation was high in extracts cultivated by non-shading. POD activity of extracts on harvesting time was high in earlier harvesting but SOD activity was low. The numbers of isozyme pattern of POD and SOD in seedling showed 7 bands and 3 bands, respectively, especially, bands of POD and SOD in the first year-growing plant did not show and show a difference according to plant positions, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.41-57
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• 1968

Changes of acids (total, titratable and combined form) and sugars (total, reducing and non-reducing) in the edible part and the rind of 17 varieties the in growing and ripening period were investigated. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The percentage of rind was notably decreased in growing period and slightly in the ripening period- It may suggest that the rates of translocation of metabolite from leaves to each part of fruit are different with growth phase. 2) The heavier the weight of fruit, the higher the percentage of rind was and the varieties having over 200 g per fruit showed the value over 30 in the rind percentage and over 15 in the number seeds per fruit. 3) Total acid contents in the rind were highest at the maximum grow th of fruit except in Citrus grandis having tie lowest value (below 20 me/100 g F.W). of total acid at maximum point in which total acid content is steadily increase. 4) Total acid and titratable acid in the edible part and total acid and combined acid in whole fruit life showed 0.933 and 0.970 of correlation coefficient significant at 1% level respectively, and most acid in the edible part was titratable acid(73%) whereas acid in the rind consists mostly of combined acid. 5) The content of combined acid in the ripening period increased in the edible part and decreased in the rind. It may be contributed to translocation of some cations from the rind to the edible part. 6) The grouping criteria on citrus fruit were applicable on melon, watermelon and tomatoes. 7) The contents of total sugar and non-reducing sugar in the edible part were continuously increased whereas the content of reducing sugar were decreased in certain varieties, notablly in citrus natsudaidai. The correlation coefficient between total sugar and reducing sugar in the edible part with ripening decreased as $0.849^{**},\;0.732^{**}.\;0.583^*$. ( $^{**}$: significant at 1% level and $^{*}:$: at 5%) 8) 61% of total sugar in the edible part was non-reducing sugar whereas 88% of total sugar in the rind was reducing form at the end of ripening and the correlation coefficient between total and non-reducing sugar in the edible part was 0.861 end total and reducing sugar in the rind was 0.972, both significant at 1% level. 9) Varieties having the percentage of the rind below 36 showed higher value than I in the ratio of total sugar in the edible part to one in the rind. It may suggest that there exists any intimate relation between relative sugar content and growth rate of fruit parts. 10) Citrus unshiu in Guje island showed lower values in the content of acid and sugar, and the rind percentage but higher sweetness index (the ratio of total sugar to titratable acid) comparing with the same variety in Jeiu.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.274-278
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• 2008

Ethanol extracts from the edible mushroom hinmogi (Tremella fuciformis, TF) were used in the investigation of effects on $\alpha$-glucosidase in vitro and on glucose-uptake in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Addition of the extract significantly inhibited $\alpha$-glucosidase from small intestine of porcine and of rat (about 42 and 35% of control, respectively), and stimulated glucose uptake (about 100% of control), of which activity was higher than that of maitake (Grifola frondosa) X-fraction, a well known anti-diabetic substance. When the ethanol extracts were further partitioned successively by organic solvents and purified by silica gel chromatography, the non-polar layer (F-7) from hexane layer showed highest stimulatory activity of glucose-uptake among layers tested. The major components of the F-7 were 1-monooleoylglycerol and 1-monopalmitoylglycerol. Our report is the first description of TF with stimulatory activity of glucose-uptake. These results suggest that TF extracts may constitute a new source of glucose transport activator and could be employed as a potential anti-diabetic material for treatment and preventing diabetes.