• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.129-148
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• 2017

The political system of Xi Jinping which was launched in 2013, faced many difficulties both domestically and internationally. Xi Jinping must integrate and stabilize society through political reforms, such as sustained economic growth and Resolved corruption. In addition, he should seek new relations with the United States on the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. Therefore, this study analyzed political leadership of Chinese political leaders including Xi Jinping using Max Weber 's political domination type. From the first generation political leaders to the fourth generation political leaders in China, the types of political domination of the first and second generation political leaders tend to be charismatic rather than legitimate domination. But the third generation political leaders tend to have a tendency of traditional domination rather than legitimate domination, and the fourth generation political leaders have a tendency to dominate more than traditional domination. On the other hand, the type of political domination of Xi Jinping shows traditional domination and legitimate domination tendency in the process of political growth and emergence, but shows tendency of charismatic domination after domination of political power.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.311-342
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• 2015

We evaluate two main rationales of massive policy intervention of Lee Administration in the Korean transportation fuel market: high market share of domestic refineries, perceived by the Administration as the result of high market concentration, and asymmetry in price adjustment, perceived as the result of collusion. Domestic refineries, huge in capacity and located at seaports, maintain international competitiveness in price. Considering market openness offering preferential treatment to importers, they set domestic prices competitively on the basis of MOPS prices. Yet, the price competitiveness of domestic refineries is so high that they are able to sustain high market share. We confirm that the Korean before-tax consumer prices of gasoline and diesel are lower than Japan's and the weighted averages of 27 EU countries by as much as 159KRW and 21KRW per liter in the case of gasoline and 170KRW and 63KRW in the case of diesel. Price asymmetry is caused by diverse economic and managerial reasons and, as FTC (2005) states, price asymmetry does not immediately imply exercise of market power or collusion. We analyzed price asymmetry in Korea, Japan and 14 EU countries, and found asymmetry in Korea and 11 EU countries in the case of gasoline and in Korea and 8 EU countries in the case of diesel.

• Strategy21
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• s.33
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• pp.113-147
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• 2014

While China's military rise is an issue of growing importance to regional security, it is worthwhile to note that it is not China's military modernization per se, but its capacity to project and sustain power along and beyond its borders--in particular, the possibility to resolve forcefully its outstanding maritime disputes and various contingencies. This essay argues that China's "anti-access capability"--a U.S.-coined term originally developed for a Taiwan contingency--is equally applicable to other major regional cases such as the Spratly disputes and a North Korean contingency. Furthermore, notwithstanding China's continuos efforts to develop and deploy various types and classes of weapons/platforms, it is the Russian systems and technologies that are most capable and thus likely assigned to the highest mission-critical areas. In assessing China's current and likely future military capability as well as their implications for the region, it is necessary to take note of the following: • There exists asymmetry of military capability between China and its weaker neighbors. While the PLAN is weak in several important aspects, for instance, many of its neighbors' navies are weaker still. • Some have argued that China's foreign policy behavior apparently became more "assertive" in 2009-2013, but it is wiser to keep in mind that China has almost always been assertive and aggressive when it comes to what China defines as "sovereignty and territorial issues" as well as its newest "core interests." • On the South China Sea disputes it is the function of U.S. presence in the theater--in the form of overseas bases and the freedom of navigation--and the PLA's own limitations to project and sustain power for an extended period of time that have largely prevented armed. • While Taiwan remains the idee fixe of China's diplomacy and military, it is and will be a tough nut to crack. China's recent creeping attempts for economic integration with Taiwan should be seen in this context. • China and Japan, the two regional heavyweights and traditional rivals, will likely have a bilateral relationship that is replete with difficulties and tension. China's unilateral announcement of its ADIZ in November 2013 as well as the occasional yet persistent disputes with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyudao/Diaoyutai islands are only the latest manifestation of this deeper and difficult relationship. • For Korean security it is imperative to take into account the geostrategic and historical factors. On top of the existing military threats from North Korea, the ROK should be able to employ a) hedging strategy, b) "limited defense sufficiency" strategy, and c) rock-solid relations with the United States.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.8 s.86
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• pp.19-29
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to categorize subway station areas in Seoul by rail use characteristic. Most studies have categorized rail-oriented areas, based on land use patterns or/and urban spatial structure in Korea as well as the United States. However, the land use pattern of a subway station area tends to form by the real use of subway users since the latter plays an important role in forming the former. Therefore, the study is expected to contribute to the planning and policy of subway station areas in Seoul by analyzing characteristics of rail use. To achieve the purpose, the study uses a factor analysis for rail use, in terms of time of the day and day of the week. and then conducted a multidimensional scaling method to identify a relation of the real pattern to land use pattern. The results find that the Seoul subway station areas are categorized into residential, commercial and recreational, and office-centered ones. Furthermore, unlike the results of previous studies, the study identifies that many station areas have the mixed characteristics of economic activities. That is, they form more than a centered function such as residential and commercial, residential and office, commercial and office, residential, commercial and office. In addition, the study identifies that there is a close connection between rail use and land one. In short, identification of these mixed characteristics for subway station areas is expected to contribute to developing the planning and development method of TOD in Korea.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.12
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• pp.255-274
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• 1999

Electronic Commerce (EC) is a relatively new and has been attracting a considerable amount of attention. Even though it is still in an introductory stage, growth rates are impressively high and its economic importance will continue to grow. Electronic Commerce is born to be global because its connectivity using the Internet is universal. As Electronic Commerce accelerates the globalization, it will also increase both the interdependence of national economies in different countries and the need for international cooperation and coordination. Electronic Commerce is really a global challenge that requires global solutions. For this reason, Electronic Commerce becomes an important agenda in major international cooperative organizations including APEC, OECD, and G7 (G8). However, current international discussions on Global Electronic Commerce are initiated mostly by the United States and European Union (EU). The objective of this paper is to raise awareness creation activities in which the international cooperation is needed for promoting the global electronic marketplace in Asia. For this purpose, this paper reviews the approaches of U.S. and European countries (or European Union), and suggests an development framework on the basis of the reviews. The framework is used to analyze current issues around Electronic Commerce, and identify some fields which require coherent work among researchers in different countries.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.235-252
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• 2008

Many cartographers have for many years searched for a way to construct cartograms in which the sizes of geographic areas such as states, counties or census tracts are reseated in proportion to their population or some other socio-economic properties. While many techniques and algorithms for creating cartograms have been proposed, some of them are still extremely complex to generate in a proper manner, and many of them suffer either from this lack of readability or from seamless integration with GIS software. This paper, therefore, presents a simple population cartogam technique based on the Circular Cartogram Algorithm(CCA) by Dorling(1996) to tackle these drawbacks by drawing the areas as simple circles for use as a base map and linking the construction with GIS mapping processes. For an automated approach in the cartogram generation, this paper proposes a close coupling method of ArcView GIS 3.3. package in order for users to access to the cartopam algorithm. Then, they will be available through an interface that the ArcView GIS system allows user-written routines to be accessed easily. The CCA and its coupling architecture ensure to improve the potential applicability of the use of cartograms to census mapping at practical levels. As the cartogram examples, cartograms of population and property types in 2005 Korea census data sets are illustrated in the end, by which viewers can easily identify the residential concentration and their relative ratio in Seoul metropolitan area.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.210-230
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• 1995

To compare the wear resistance of four kinds of commercial acrylic resin teeth [SR-Orthosit PosterioresR(Ivoclar Co., Liechtenstein), Endura PosteriorR(Shofu Inc. Japan), trubyte IPN teethR(Dentsply International Inc., York,), Trubyte BiotoneR(dentsply Inermational Inc. Brazil) by means of the toothbrush abrasion method, the artificial resin teeth were embedded in epoxy resin with the occlusal surfaces aligned in one plane for a total of 40 blocks. There after, each lock was mounted in the arm of the toothbrush abrasion machine(K 236, Japan). Wear measurements were made on the three preconditioned states. Those were as follows : no treatment specimens, thermocycled specimens, and thermocycled specimens which were immeresed applied load of 400g during the buring the brushing cycle. At the end of the 30,000-stroke cycle, each specimen was removed, and weighed. The microhardness of four kinds of commercial resin teeth were determined by means of microhardness tester. Microhardness tests were performed on te no treatment specimens, thermocycled specimens, and thermocycled specimens with immersion in the denture cleansing solution. Finally, the comparison of thermal properties were perfomed using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC-1500). The following results were obtained : 1. In the case of no treatment teeth, the wear amount of endura Posterior(EN) was the greatest among the others(p<0.01), and the wear amount of three kinds of artificial resin teeth was increased in the order of Trubyte IPN teeth(IN), Trubyte Biotone(BN), SR-Orthosit Posteriores(SN) but there was no statistic significance(p>0.01). 2. The wear amount of Trubyte IPN teeth(IT) and Trubyte Biotone(BT), was increased due to thermocycling effect, but that of Endura Posteriores(ET) was decreased conversely(p<0.01). 3. Except for the SR-Orthosit Posteriores(STC), the wear amount of three kinds of artificial resing teeth(that is, ETC, ITC, BTC) was increased due to denture cleansing solution$(Cledent^R)$, but there was no statistic significance(p>0.01). But the wear amount of the SR-Orthosit Posteriores(STC) was the greatest among the others(p<0.01). 4. The wear amount of toothbrush was the greatest in case of contact with occlusal surface of SROrthosit Posteriores resin teeth(p<0.01). 5. the microhardness values(KHN) of the SR-Orthosit Posteriores was the highest among the experimental artificial resin teeth(p<0.01). 6. There was no relationship between microhardness valuse(KHN) and wear amount of four kinds of experimental artificial resin teeth(p<0.01). 7. The differential canning calorimetric property of four kinds of artificial resin teeth did not show endothermal or exothermal peak in the range of $100^{\circ}C$

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-162
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• 2004

Generally the aircraft accident caused a great loss of lives, severe property damages including aircraft's total loss and thus, affect enormous emotional and economic damages to the public. We, therefore, should try every efforts to prevent the re-occurrence of aircraft accident by examining the cause of accident closely and discovering it through aircraft accident investigation. Though the object of an accident investigation is not to apportion blame but to discover a cause or causes of an accident to prevent future accidents, the cause of an accident would play a vital role in determining the liability of the carrier, legal relationship with the third party and jurisdiction, etc. in the aviation litigation. Therefore, it is very important that aircraft accident investigation are carried out by a professional and independent agency. Also, it needs for us to be careful in applying investigation results in the courts not to be deterrent to discovering the cause of accident. Korea now has the Aviation Accident Investigation Agency Board under the Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation, but unfortunately it is often pointed out that it lacks professionalism and independency due to the bureaucratism of the Government. We, therefore, should establish a professional and independent aircraft accident investigation agency like United States' NTSB and reflect the issues mentioned-above on the new Act.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-48
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• 1992

The Korea's Consumer electronics industry has exhibited a spectacular growth in the last three decades, expanding into one of the most important industries in Korea in many respects. One interesting aspect of the industry is the dominant role played by the Big Three of the industry, Gumsung, Samsung, and Daewoo. Since 1984, the three companies have accounted for about 90% of the sales in key items such as color TV, VTRs, refrigerators, and washers. The Big Three not only dominated the manufacturing stage, but also the distribution stage of the industry through their networks of exclusive dealers that constitute the major part of the distribution market. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the exclusive dealing by the Big Three on the efficiency of the Korean economy. We find that exclusive dealing by the Big Three could seriously constrain competition in both the manufacturing and distribution stages of the industry. Exclusive dealing by the Big Three effectively forcecloses the market for most other manufacturers as well as deterring entry into the manufacturing stage by potential entrants. Further, it impedes the growth of distributors that achieve the economies of scale and scope and restricts competition by the Big Three. In contrast, we could find little evidence that exclusive dealing by the Big Three is pro-competitive or enhances welfare. As a remedy to this problem, we suggest that the Fair Trade Commission of Korea should regulate the exclusive dealing by the Big Three, thus opening the door for the growth of distributors that are not bound by an exclusive dealing relationship with any of the Big Three. Put differently, we urge the Korean Fair Trade Commission to apply the Article 23 (5) to the exclusive dealing by the Big Three. Article 23 (5) that states that unfair restrictive dealing is illegal has never been clarified by the FTC. We believe that our analysis could also serve as a basic for the clarification of the article in general.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.743-756
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• 2002

Purpose: This study is a descriptive and comparative study that compares health state and school adaptation between children in divorced family and in normal family. Study results will provide a basic data for the development of an intervention program designed to help children in divorced family adjust to their crisis. Method: The study subjects consisted of 700 children in 4th. 5th or 6th elementary school grade, residing Seoul and Kyunggi regions. Among these subjects, 123 were children with divorced family and 577 were children with normal family. The health status of the subjects was measured by Health Symptom Questionnaire developed by Shin and revised by the investigators. The instrument consisted of 30 items measuring physical and emotional health symptoms. The level of school adaptation of the subjects was measured by School Adaptation Scale developed by Lee, which consisted of 4 dimensions with 20 items what measures relationship with peer students, learning activity, observance of regulation, and participation of school activity. The investigators visited the schools and collected data in the classes using the questionnaire after explaining the purpose and procedures of the study to the children. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, $\yen\"{o}2$-test, t-test, ANOVA using the SPSS PC + statistical program. Result: First, the mean health state score in children with normal family (M=11.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=19.15), showing a significant difference (t=-6.51, p=.000) between the two groups, which suggests that children with normal family have better health state than children with divorced family. Second, the mean school adaptation score in children with normal family (M=38.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=26.97), showing a significant difference between the two groups (t=104.07, p=.000), which suggests that the school adaptation of children with normal family is better than that of children with divorced family. Third, in comparison of health state between the two groups by general characteristics. there were significant differences between the two groups in sex. the most contributing factor to health status of the children, school year. birth order, religion, school achievement, amount of monthly pocket money, parents level of formal education, occupation of parents, economic status (p<.05). Forth, in comparison of the level of school adaptation between the two groups by general characteristics, there were significant differences between the two groups in most variables (p<.05), suggesting that children with normal family had better capacity of school adaptation than children with divorced family. Conclusion: As a result. this study showed that the parent's divorce had great influence on children's health status and school adaptation capacity. The implication for nursing is that there is a need to develop supportive interventions for the high-risk children who have decreased health states and school adaptation capacity due to the divorce of their parents. In addition, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted to explore protective factors for the prevention of health and adaptation problems in children.