• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.468-479
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigates dietary supplement intakes by examining the characteristics of dietary and health-related behaviors. Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Dietary and health-related behaviors were also examined before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 and household types (multi-members vs. single person). Methods: Data used in this study were collected from the 2019-2020 KNHANES by including adults aged 19 to 64 years. Pregnant, lactating, and subjects consuming calories less than 500 and more than 5,000 were excluded. Differences in dietary and health-related behaviors before and after COVID-19, and between the two types of households were analyzed by Chi-square analyses using Rao-Scott. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine which dietary and health-related behaviors affected the dietary supplement intakes. In addition, descriptive analysis was run for demographic characteristics. Results: The dietary supplement intake rate differed significantly with respect to the gender, age, education, marital status, and household income. Dietary supplement intakes, frequency of eating out, obesity, and body weight changes were significantly different before and after COVID-19. In addition, meal evaluation, frequency of eating out, drinking, smoking, activity, subjective health evaluation, and body weight changes showed significant differences by household type. Attitude towards nutrition, activity, meal evaluation, obesity, and smoking were factors that affected the intake of dietary supplements. Conclusions: While increased intake of dietary supplements is a prevalent phenomenon, this intake needs to be monitored and studied closely, considering the sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and health-related behaviors. Furthermore, the dietary supplement intake trend after COVID-19 needs to be studied along with food intake.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1999

This study was undertaken with 542 fifth-grade elementary school children to investigate the characteristics in lifestyle, eating habits, food preferences of overweight and obese children in the Pocheon area of Korea. Anthropometry was conducted to determine obesity, and data was obtained on lifestyle, eating habits and food preferences by using questionnaires. The prevalence rate of obesity was 19.5% for boys and 8.5% for girls, and 14.3% of boys and 14.4% of girls were overweight. No significant differences was found in the body size and education years of parents, family income and the empolymental status of mother. Boys did not show any significant difference between subgroups in lifestyle, eating habits and food preferences. Obese girls watched TV longer and liked physical education less than normal and overweight groups, suggesting that an inactive lifestyle can be related to girls' obesity in this study. Overweight girls answered that they had significantly lower preferences for empty-calorie foods such as candies/caramels and cookies as well as high-fat foods such as samgyupsal(pork belly) than normal weight girls, implicating the fear of obesity for overweight girls, although more studies should be done including an assessment of actual intake of these foods. The preferences of obese girls for these foods were not higher than those of normal-weight girls, suggesting that the preference for certain foods may not be the characteristic of obese girls in this study. A special program for nutritional education with a different focus should be developed to combat the problems of each subgroup depending on gender and obesity status to improve the physical fitness of the children in this area.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.103-117
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between female adolescents's relationships with their parents, psychological well-being, and attitudes towards eating. General characteristics of the subjects such as their school grades, and religion, and their parents' level of educational, marital status, and income were also analyzed in relation with the three major variables. Female adolescents' psychological well-being consisted of two indices: self-esteem and depression. The sample of this study consisted of 419 female students from 4 middle schools and 2 high schools located in Jeollabuk-Do province and the data were collected by using the method of self-administered questionnaires. The results of the analyses showed that there were significant differences in the level of parental attachment across parents' marital status, father's education level, and family income. Participants' psychological well-being levels were also different according to their grades, parents' marital status, and father's education level and income; and the level of eating attitude was different according to their school grades. The correlation analyses results indicated that parental attachment was positively related to self-esteem but negatively to a depressive mood. In addition, female students' eating attitudes were negatively associated with parental attachment and self-esteem, but positively with a depressive mood. Finally, multiple regression analysis found that a negative eating attitude was strongly influenced by a depressive mood, while parental attachment seemed to influence eating attitude indirectly through a depressive mood.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1999

The purpose of this survey was to investigate eating habits, life styles and nutritional care of diabetic outpatients and to provide basic data for developing individualized nutritional care and diabetic education programs. This survey was carried out by nutritional counseling with a questionnaire and checking medical record. Information about the general characteristics of the subjects, eating habits, health-related life styles and attitude and perception of subjects to diet therapy was gathered from 200 randomly-sampled diabetic outpatients at a University Hospital located in Inchon. All data were analyzed by Statistical Analysis System(SAS) software. The results are summarized as follows : Female subjects were 63.5% of total subjects and 65.5% of total subjects were 50 years or more. The average Body Mas Index(BMI) of male and female subjects were 23.06kg/㎡ and 25.02kg/㎡ respectively and 44% of all subjects wee obese. Among subjects, type II diabetic patients were 81.0% and 82.5% of subjects had suffered from diabetes for more than one year. Also 41% subjects had diabetic history in their family. More than half of the subjects had nutrition education concerning diabetes. Also 75.5% of them thought that nutrition education was effective. The most important guideline in diet therapy was to eat cooked rice with dietary fiber-rich grains. Therefore, it might be necessary to develop nutrition education program adjusted according to diabetic patient's needs and life styles, which may increase feasibility of self-care and implementation of management guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 2004

Purpose: To describe the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics, and related factors of diabetes mellitus in school personnel. Method：5,384 school personnel (2,638 males 2,746 females) received physical examinations at the Seoul School Health Center in 2002. Using the American Diabetes Association criteria, and fasting blood sugar(FBS) was classified as normal at 110>=FBS, borderline 111-125, and the diabetes group 126<=FBS. Related factors of each group were evaluated by gender. Results： In the diabetes group, there were 4.74% males and 0.8% females, and the borderline group was 6.37% males and 2.22% females. The older age group gad a higher distribution in both males and females in the diabetes group. In the diabetes group, the mean and abnormal rate of BMI, systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP were higher than in the normal group. In life style factor, the diabetes group gad a higher distribution of meat eating and smoking more than 20 years than the normal group. The effect of FBS on BMI, BP(blood pressure), total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP were investigated after controlling for confounding variables. In the borderline and diabetes group, the mean of BMI, BP, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP was higher in dose-response effect. In the logistic multiple regression, the related factors of the diabetes group were hypertension and abnormal GTP in males, and abnormal total cholesterol and GTP in females. In the borderline group, the related factors were meat eating, hypertension, and high GOT in males and the older age group, and hypertension, total cholesterol, and abnormal GTP in females. Conclusions: It is possible to manage all related factors of diabetes mellitus except for age. An appropriate program for health promotion is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.270-280
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects oi nutrition education program in physical health, nutritional status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the Elderly in Seoul. Nutrition education program was consisted of healthy eating, prevention and diet therapy of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Seventy eight free-living elderly people (13 male, 65 female), aged ${\geq}60 $ years participated in this program. Before and after nutrition education program, we surveyed the general characteristics, physical health, general health, nutrition status, and health-related quality of life to the subjects. All the subjects were divided into program completers (N=47) and noncompleters (N=31). All the data were analyzed by student t-test, chi-square test, paired t-test, and marginal homogeneity test using SPSS 9.0 version at p<0.05. After nutrition education program, physical activity and ADL maintained, however IADL improved in program noncompleters. In eating habits, 'slow eating' significantly improved in program completers in program completers. Nutrition knowledge and recognition scores were significantly increased in both groups, and accuracy score was significantly increased in program completers. However, nutrient-intakes of %RDA were not significantly changed in both groups, and it seemed to be more influenced by other factors such as 'family income' or 'family type' than by the nutrition education program. In HRQoL, social functioning was improved after nutrition education program in both groups (p<0.05). The nutrition education program has more effects on the program completers than on the noncompleters, and it is also needed social supports for the Elderly to fulfill their nutrient requirements.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Background According to the Sasang constitutional medicine, eating habits according to the characteristics of Sasang Constitution (SC) types affect management of chronic diseases and health conditions. The aim of this study is to identify the association between eating habits, such as breakfast, eating frequency, and energy intake, according to SC, and quality of life. Method This study is a cross-sectional study of people aged 33 to 55 years, sampled by stratification based on population distribution. The SC types were classified into Taeeumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY) using a structured questionnaire (KS-15). Items examined regarding eating habits were whether the subjects had breakfast; the frequency of eating such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and after-dinner snacks; and energy intake surveyed using a food frequency questionnaire. As for quality of life, SF-12, which is widely used worldwide to assess health conditions, was utilized. A regression analysis was conducted on the relations between eating habits according to SC and quality of life. Results The SC distribution of the 3,895 subjects was 47% for TE, 22% for SE, and 31% for SY. The scores indicating quality of life differed for TE and SY depending on whether they ate breakfast and eating frequency groups, and those of SE varied depending on levels of energy intake. A regression analysis having adjusted all covariates demonstrated for TE a positive relation between the eating frequency of three times per day or more (compared to 1.5 to 3 meals per day) and quality of life (B=1.365, p<0.001). For SE, there was a negative association between low energy intake (compared to adequate energy intake) and quality of life (B=-1.642, p=0.004). Meanwhile, no relation was found between eating habits and quality of life for SY. Conclusion This study identified the association between eating habits according to SC types and quality of life. For TE, it was found to be important to eat evenly dispersed adequate amounts as opposed to overeating or binging at once. For SE, adequate energy intake affected good quality of life. This study suggests that eating habits based on SC improve quality of life, and health management customized for each constitution should be performed in the future through proper eating habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 2021

Purpose: Considering the various health benefits of vegetables, it is necessary to identify maternal correlates of vegetable preference and consumption in children for shaping desirable vegetable-related eating habits. This study aimed to investigate the maternal factors related to vegetable preferences and consumption in preschool-aged children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that surveyed 303 mother-child pairs (146 boys, 157 girls) to explore general characteristics, vegetable preferences, and cooked vegetable consumption in mothers and children using a questionnaire method. Maternal correlates of the child's vegetable preference and consumption were tested using a generalized linear model using SAS program. Results: Mothers' vegetable preferences and consumption were significantly higher than those in their children (p < 0.001). Mothers' vegetable preferences showed a significant positive correlation with the vegetable preferences of their children (mother-son, p < 0.001; mother-daughter, p < 0.001). Additionally, mothers' cooked vegetable consumption showed a significant positive correlation with the cooked vegetable consumption of children (mother-son, p < 0.001; mother-daughter, p < 0.001). Mothers' vegetable preferences and consumption respectively increased those of their children, in both boys and girls. Conclusion: Findings that mothers' vegetable preference and consumption correlates of children's vegetable preferences and consumption, indicate the importance of the mothers' role in increasing vegetable consumption in children. Mothers should be aware of the effects of their vegetable eating habits on their children's vegetable consumption and try to develop healthy eating habits. We suggest that the government or local communities provide nutrition education for mothers to adopt healthy eating habits and present information to educate their children on food and healthy dietary habits.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.280-290
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• 2015

Diet is closely related to an economic level, but few studies have reported on the relationship between the economic level and eating habits, especially in college students. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify differences in eating habits with a focus on processed foods according to allowance level in college students. This study was a cross-sectional survey of 500 college students using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics, eating behaviors, purchase of processed foods, and preference and intake frequency of processed foods. All subjects were classified based on monthly allowance: less than \300,000 (n=149), \300,000~400,000 (n=177), and more than \400,000 (n=124). All survey results were comparatively analyzed among the spending money groups. As the level of spending money of the subjects increased, the rate of skipping meals, eating out, and unbalanced diet increased (P<0.05). The reason for consuming processed foods was because they are easy to prepare. The factor considered the most when buying processed foods was price. However, these results showed no significant difference according to level of spending money. As spending money increased preference for retort, convenience, canned, and bottled foods significantly increased. Intake frequency of dairy products was lower, and the frequency of processed foods was significantly higher with more spending money. This study found that a higher level of monthly allowance in college students, was associated with higher rate of skipping meals, eating out, and unbalanced diet, and the preference and intake frequency of processed foods were also high. These results suggest that spending money level in college students, as an economic indicator, is relevant to intake of processed foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.511-518
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• 2004

This study was designed to compare general characteristics and dietary habits between volunteers for a nutrition survey and non-volunteers using a questionnaire. Volunteers were recruited by advertising on the homepage of a university to assess nutritional status by examining dietary intake for three days and blood analysis. Non-volunteers were selected from some classes not related to nutrition. There were no significant differences in sex, monthly allowances, eating-out cost, drinking and exercise between the two groups, while the proportion of self-boarding was higher in the volunteer group than in the non-volunteer group, and smoking rate of volunteers was approximately 2.4 times lower than that of non-volunteers. Volunteers were less concerned about their diet than non-volunteers. No significant differences in concern about health, considering factors in their diet, self-evaluation of their diet, learning experience about nutrition, and vitamin/mineral supplement use were observed. The frequency and the place of eating-out for dinner were significantly different between the two groups. More proportions of volunteers tended to eat regularly and eat breakfast. Volunteers consumed seaweeds more frequently, and milk, fruits and fast foods less frequently than non-volunteers. Our results indicate that some characteristics and dietary habits of volunteers are different from those of non-volunteers. However, we could not show that volunteers were more interested in their diet and had desirable dietary habits than non-volunteers. Further research on the characteristics of volunteers who participate in nutrition survey may be helpful to interpret and generalize the survey results.