• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.369-385
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• 2002

Ductility capacity is comprehensively studied for steel moment-resisting frames. Local, story and global ductility are being considered. An appropriate measure of global ductility is suggested. A time domain nonlinear seismic response algorithm is used to evaluate several definitions of ductility. It is observed that for one-story structures, resembling a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system, all definitions of global ductility seem to give reasonable values. However, for complex structures it may give unreasonable values. It indicates that using SDOF systems to estimate the ductility capacity may be a very crude approximation. For multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems some definitions may not be appropriate, even though they are used in the profession. Results also indicate that the structural global ductility of 4, commonly used for moment-resisting steel frames, cannot be justified based on this study. The ductility of MDOF structural systems and the corresponding equivalent SDOF systems is studied. The global ductility values are very different for the two representations. The ductility reduction factor $F_{\mu}$ is also estimated. For a given frame, the values of the $F_{\mu}$ parameter significantly vary from one earthquake to another, even though the maximum deformation in terms of the interstory displacement is roughly the same for all earthquakes. This is because the $F_{\mu}$ values depend on the amount of dissipated energy, which in turn depends on the plastic mechanism, formed in the frames as well as on the loading, unloading and reloading process at plastic hinges. Based on the results of this study, the Newmark and Hall procedure to relate the ductility reduction factor and the ductility parameter cannot be justified. The reason for this is that SDOF systems were used to model real frames in these studies. Higher mode effects were neglected and energy dissipation was not explicitly considered. In addition, it is not possible to observe the formation of a collapse mechanism in the equivalent SDOF systems. Therefore, the ductility parameter and the force reduction factor should be estimated by using the MDOF representation.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.233-267
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• 2018

Conventional seismic design of concentrically braced frame (CBF) structures suggests that the gusset plate connecting a steel brace to beams and/or columns should be designed as non-dissipative in earthquakes, while the steel brace members should be designed as dissipative elements. These design intentions lead to thicker and larger gusset plates in design on one hand and a potentially under-rated contribution of gusset plates in design, on the other hand. In contrast, research has shown that compact and thinner gusset plates designed in accordance with the elliptical clearance method rather than the conventional standard linear clearance method can enhance system ductility and energy dissipation capacity in concentrically braced steel frames. In order to assess the two design methods, six cyclic push-over tests on full scale models of concentric braced steel frame structures were conducted. Furthermore, a 3D finite element (FE) shell model, incorporating state-of-the-art tools and techniques in numerical simulation, was developed that successfully replicates the response of gusset plate and bracing members under fully reversed cyclic axial loading. Direct measurements from strain gauges applied to the physical models were used primarily to validate FE models, while comparisons of hysteresis load-displacement loops from physical and numerical models were used to highlight the overall performance of the FE models. The study shows the two design methods attain structural response as per the design intentions; however, the elliptical clearance method has a superiority over the standard linear method as a fact of improving detailing of the gusset plates, enhancing resisting capacity and improving deformability of a CBF structure. Considerations were proposed for improvement of guidelines for detailing gusset plates and bracing members in CBF structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1167-1184
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• 2015

Despite considerable life casualty and financial loss resulting from past earthquakes, many existing steel buildings are still seismically vulnerable as they have no lateral resistance or at least need some sort of retrofitting. Passive control methods with decreasing seismic demand and increasing ductility reduce rate of vulnerability of structures against earthquakes. One of the most effective and practical passive control methods is to use a shear panel system working as a ductile fuse in the structure. The shear Panel System, SPS, is located vertically between apex of two chevron braces and the flange of the floor beam. Seismic energy is highly dissipated through shear yielding of shear panel web while other elements of the structure remain almost elastic. In this paper, lateral behavior and related benefits of this system with narrow-flange link beams is experimentally investigated in chevron braced simple steel frames. For this purpose, five specimens with IPE (narrow-flange I section) shear panels were examined. All of the specimens showed high ductility and dissipated almost all input energy imposed to the structure. For example, maximum SPS shear distortion of 0.128-0.156 rad, overall ductility of 5.3-7.2, response modification factor of 7.1-11.2, and finally maximum equivalent viscous damping ratio of 35.5-40.2% in the last loading cycle corresponding to an average damping ratio of 26.7-30.6% were obtained. It was also shown that the beam, columns and braces remained elastic as expected. Considering this fact, by just changing the probably damaged shear panel pieces after earthquake, the structure can still be continuously used as another benefit of this proposed retrofitting system without the need to change the floor beam.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2016

지진에 대한 사면안정 해석은 지진에 의한 관성력을 정적하중으로 고려하는 유사정적해석을 널리 사용하고 있다. 사면과 같은 지반 구조물은 지반정수의 불확실성이 포함되어 있어 확률론적 해석을 이용하여 지반정수의 불확실성을 고려해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 지반의 불확실성을 고려한 확률론적 사면안정해석을 수행하였으며, 구조물이 임의 수준의 지반 운동을 받을 때 파괴상태에 도달하는 확률을 그래프로 나타낸 취약도 곡선을 작성하였다. 유사정적해석으로 확률론적 사면안정해석을 수행하기 위해 Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS)을 시행하였다. MCS의 소요 시간을 단축하기 위하여 인공신경망 기반의 응답면 기법을 이용해 파괴확률을 산출하여 수평지진계수별 취약도 곡선을 작성하는 방법을 제시하였다. 인공신경망을 이용하여 작성한 취약도 곡선을 MCS의 결과와 비교해 본 결과 상당한 시간 절약에 비해 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.246-258
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• 2016

The shield building of AP1000 was designed to protect the steel containment vessel of the nuclear reactor. Therefore, the safety and integrity must be ensured during the plant life in any conditions such as an earthquake. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of water in the water tank on the response of the AP1000 shield building when subjected to three-dimensional seismic ground acceleration. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) and finite element method (FEM) coupling method is used to numerically simulate the fluid and structure interaction (FSI) between water in the water tank and the AP1000 shield building. Then the grid convergence of FEM and SPH for the AP1000 shield building is analyzed. Next the modal analysis of the AP1000 shield building with various water levels (WLs) in the water tank is taken. Meanwhile, the pressure due to sloshing and oscillation of the water in the gravity drain water tank is studied. The influences of the height of water in the water tank on the time history of acceleration of the AP1000 shield building are discussed, as well as the distributions of amplification, acceleration, displacement, and stresses of the AP1000 shield building. Research on the relationship between the WLs in the water tank and the response spectrums of the structure are also taken. The results show that the high WL in the water tank can limit the vibration of the AP1000 shield building and can more efficiently dissipate the kinetic energy of the AP1000 shield building by fluid-structure interaction.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.327-340
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• 2022

A vast amount of experimental and analytical research has been conducted related to the seismic behavior and performance of concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) columns. This research has resulted in a wealth of information on the component behavior. However, analytical and experimental data for structural systems with CFT columns is limited, and the well-known behavior of steel or concrete structures is assumed valid for designing these systems. This paper presents the development of an analytical model for nonlinear analysis of composite moment resisting frame (CFT-MRF) systems with CFT columns and steel wide-flange (WF) beams under seismic loading. The model integrates component models for steel WF beams, CFT columns, connections between CFT columns and WF beams, and CFT panel zones. These component models account for nonlinear behavior due to steel yielding and local buckling in the beams and columns, concrete cracking and crushing in the columns, and yielding of panel zones and connections. Component tests were used to validate the component models. The model for a CFT-MRF considers second order geometric effects from the gravity load bearing system using a lean-on column. The experimental results from the testing of a four-story CFT-MRF test structure are used as a benchmark to validate the modeling procedure. An analytical model of the test structure was created using the modeling procedure and imposed-displacement analyses were used to reproduce the tests with the analytical model of the test structure. Good agreement was found at the global and local level. The model reproduced reasonably well the story shear-story drift response as well as the column, beam and connection moment-rotation response, but overpredicted the inelastic deformation of the panel zone.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권1호통권41호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

본 논문의 목적은 탄성과 비탄성 구조물의 지진응답제어를 위한 마찰감쇠기의 설계절차를 제시하는 것이다. ATC-40과 ATC-55를 이용하여 비탄성 구조물의 등가선형감쇠비와 등가선형주기를 구하였고, 이에 기초하여 목표 성능을 만족하기 위한 마찰감쇠기의 최대마찰력을 결정하는 식을 제시하였다. 이 식은 항복 전후 강성비와 요구되는 탄성강도에 대한 항복강도비, 그리고 구조물의 주기에 따라 비선형 수치해석과 오차가 발생한다. 수식에 의해 산출한 최대마찰력과 비선형 수치 해석에 의해 산출된 값과의 오차를 줄이기 위하여, 최소 제곱법을 사용하여 오차 보정식을 제시하였다. 수치해석결과는 제안된 보정식을 사용하면 탄성 및 비탄성 지진응답제어를 위한 마찰감쇠기의 설계를 합리적으로 수행할 수 있음을 보여준다

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.179-197
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• 2012

This study presents the findings of the structural health monitoring and the real time system identification of one of the first large scale building instrumentations in Turkey for earthquake safety. Within this context, a thorough review of steps in the instrumentation, monitoring is presented and seismic performance evaluation of structures using both nonlinear pushover and nonlinear dynamic time history analysis is carried out. The sensor locations are determined using the optimal sensor placement techniques used in NASA for on orbit modal identification of large space structures. System identification is carried out via the stochastic subspace technique. The results of the study show that under ambient vibrations, stocky buildings can be substantially stiffer than what is predicted by the finite element models due to the presence of a large number of partitioning walls. However, in a severe earthquake, it will not be safe to rely on this resistance due to the fact that once the partitioning walls crack, the bare frame contributes to the lateral stiffness of the building alone. Consequently, the periods obtained from system identification will be closer to those obtained from the FE analysis. A technique to control the validity of the proportional damping assumption is employed that checks the presence of phase difference in displacements of different stories obtained from band pass filtered records and it is confirmed that the "proportional damping assumption" is valid for this structure. Two different techniques are implemented for identifying the influence of the soil structure interaction. The first technique uses the transfer function between the roof and the basement in both directions. The second technique uses a pre-whitening filter on the data obtained from both the basement and the roof. Subsequently the impulse response function is computed from the scaled cross correlation between the input and the output. The overall results showed that the structure will satisfy the life safety performance level in a future earthquake but some soil structure interaction effects should be expected in the North South direction.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1998

해상에 설치된 기초말뚝의 경우 지진의 3가지 성분 즉, 지반의 수평운도, 지반의 연직진동에 의해 발생된 상부구조물과의 피드백 (feedback)에 의한 말뚝의 연직진동, 그리고 지반의 연직진동에 의해 유발된 해진(seaquake)의 진동이 말뚝 기초의 거동에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 유발된 해진의 진동을 해저면에서 유사화된 sine 정현파 형상의 동수압으로 모델링하였다. 해진(seaquake) 작용중 약 220m 이상의 심해에 설치된 개단 말뚝의 지지력은, 지반내에 유발된 과도한 과잉 간극수압으로 인하여, 심각하게 저감도었으며, 관내토 폐쇄력도 80% 이상 감소되었다. 해진중 관내토 선단 하부에서 발생된 과도한 과잉 간극수압으로 인하여 관내토내에 과도한 상향의 침투력이 유발되어 관내토 폐색이 손상되었다. 약 220m 이하의 천해에 설치된 개단말뚝의 지지력은 해진에 의해 약 10% 감소하였으며, 관내토의 폐쇄력은 5%이하만큼 감소하였다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.203-218
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• 2010

지진 지반운동의 증폭 유발 요인인 부지 효과는 지역적 및 국부적 부지 조건에 직접적인 영향을 받게 됨에도 불구하고, 현행 국내 내진 설계 기준의 부지 분류와 그에 따른 부지 증폭계수는 미국 서부 지역의 기준을 준용한다. 이러한 내진 기준의 경우, 단주기와 중장주기에 관한 두 종류의 부지 증폭계수들을 30 m 심도까지의 평균 전단파속도라는 기준에 따라 A 부터 E까지의 다섯 종류로 분류한다. 본 연구에서는 국내 부지 조건을 반영한 부지 분류 체계를 제시할 목적으로, 경주, 홍성, 해미, 사천의 네 지역에 대해 체계적인 부지 특성 평가를 수행하였으며, 현장에서는 지표면부터 기반암까지의 전단파속도 깊이분포를 결정하고 실내에서는 지반의 비선형적 물성을 획득하였다. 국내 토사층은 미국 서부에 비해 상대적으로 얕고 강성이 크게 파악되었고, 그로 인해 국내의 부지 주기는 상대적으로 작고 좁은 범위에 분포하였다. 현장과 실내에서 구한 지반 특성을 이용하여 등가선형 및 비선형 기법을 적용한 다양한 부지고유 지진응답 해석을 총 75부지를 대상으로 실시하였다. 해석 결과로부터 현행 국내 기준에 정의된 부지 증폭계수는 지반운동을 단주기에서는 과소 평가하고 중장주기에서는 과대평가함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 차이는 국내와 미국 서부간의 기반암 심도를 포함한 국부적 지반 특성들의 차이로 인한 것이다. 본 연구의 해석 결과와 한반도 대상의 선행 연구 결과들을 토대로 대표 기준인 부지 주기와 추가 기준으로서의 30 m 보다 얕은 심도까지의 평균 전단파속도를 도입함으로써, 국내 지역적 부지 특성을 고려한 지반운동과 설계 스펙트럼을 신뢰성 높게 결정할 수 있는 새로운 부지 분류 체계를 개발하였다.