• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.256-261
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• 2005

The recent DNA microarray technology enables us to understand gene expression profiling in cell line and animal models. The technology has potential possibility to comprehend mechanism of multiple genes were related to compounds which have toxicity in biological system. So, microarray system has been used for the prediction of toxicity through gene expression induced by toxicants. It has been shown that compounds with similar toxic mechanisms produce similar changes in gene expression in vivo system. Here we focus on the use of toxicogenomics for the determination of gene expression analysis associated with hepatotoxicity in rat liver and cell line (WB-F344). Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapy agent that has been used for many years in the treatment of cancer because it affects cells that are rapidly dividing. Also it has been known the toxicity of MTX, in a MTX abortion, it stops embryonic cells from dividing and multiplying and is a non-surgical method of ending pregnancy in its early stages. We have shown DNA microarray analyses to assess MTX-specific expression profiles in vivo and in vitro. Male Sprague-Dawely VAF+ albino rats of 5-6 weeks old and WB-F344 cell line have been treated with MTX. Total RNA was isolated from Rat liver and cell line that has treated with MTX. 4.8 K cDNA microarray in house has been used for gene expression profiling of MTX treatment. We have found quite distinct gene expression patterns induced by MTX in a cell line and in vivo system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2005

In the corpus luteum, TNF$\alpha$ is known to induce functional and structural luteolysis. In addition, it acts as luteotropic agent during the initial and early stage of luteal development. In spite of its importance in corpus luteal development, there is still different opinions for the source cells of TNF$\alpha$ in the corpus luteum. One is the macrophages only, and the other is macrophages are the main source and endothelial cells are the minor source. In this experiment, using the porcine corpora lutea of pregnancy and ovulatory stages, hematoxylin-eosin stain, macrophage and TNF$\alpha$ immunohistochemistry were carried to reveal the sources of TNF$\alpha$. As a result, MAC 387-positive macrophages were present in all the stages of corpora lutea. In the mature corpora lutea of nonpregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNF$\alpha$- positive macrophages were coincided, and the sites of endothelial cells and those of TNF$\alpha$-positive endothelial cells were nearly coincided. But, in the mature CL of pregnant stage, mid- and advanced luteolytic stages of both nonpregnant and pregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNF$\alpha$-positive macrophages were coincided, but not in the endothelial cells. Accordingly, it can be concluded that macrophages are the main source of TNF$\alpha$ in the corpus luteum and endothelial cells are the minor source in the mature and mid-lytic stages, but, in the advanced luteolytic stage, macrophages are the only source of TNF$\alpha$.

• Development and Reproduction
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2001

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been known to play a role in the regulation of hCG secretion by human placenta. Recently, a gene encoding the second f개m of GnRH (GnRH-II) was identified in human. Herein, we demonstrate that GnRH-II is expressed in human placenta and assess GnRH-II expression by nested RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in human placenta during the first trimester. We found that two altematively spliced transcripts of GnW-II mRNA were expressed in human placental tissues of first trimester and the shorter variant had a 21-bp deletion in GnRH-associated peptide (GAP). Immunoreactive GnRH-II was localized in both cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic cytoplasm. The immunostaining intensity was stronger in cytotrophoblast. Villous stromal cells also showed GnRH-II immunoreactiyiry. The results of our study report that the second isoform of GnRH (GnRH-II) is expressed in the first trimester human placenta and we suggest that GnRH-II may also play a regulatory role in maintenance of early pregnancy and hCG secretion in human placenta.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.290-296
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• 2006

Crossbred pigs (female, 198 days old, $102{\sim}118kg$, Tamra Marketing Farm) were fed a diet supplemented with tangerine peel fer an extended period to study its effect on the physicochemical properties and palatability of the pork. The samples for this study consisted of the pork from pigs fed a diet without tangerine peel (T0), and the pork from pigs fed a diet containing 8% tangerine peel during the entire breeding period, from early pregnancy through the finishing period (T1). The pH Hunter's $L^*$ value, water holding capacity, freezing loss, thawing loss, cooking loss, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, sensory raw meat color and cooked meat palatability of loin and belly were not significantly different between T0 and T1 pork (p>0.05). However, the Hunter's $a^*\;and\;b^*$ value, gumminess, shear force value (SFV) and smell were significantly higher in meat from loin of T1 than T0 pigs (p<0.05). Thus T1 pork exhibited an improved SFV, DPPH reduction and aroma of cooked belly meat (p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 1977

Breast cancer is one of the most feared health problems in women ; Recent studies revealed that it had come up to be the second most in this country and high prevalent disease in the western countries among breast disease in women. However, early detection of the cancer mass is known to be easier than in many other malignancies. This study was performed to investigate the various characteristics of patients of breast cancer ; by the structural variables, menstrual, marital, and child bearing, and also their understandings and attitude towards the disease. A hundred any in- and out- patients of 51. Mary's Hospital and National Atomic Institute, Seoul were sampled. Data were gathered through direct interview by the researcher from February 1976 to January 1977 and the clinical records were used as references. Results are as follows ; 1. Breast cancer revealed to be most prevalent in the forties ; average age of 45.2 years. 2. The average age of menarche revealed to be 15.4 years ; the largest group were the 16-20 years (N=75, 68.2%). In 55 cases (50%) menstruation were normal, 38 (34.5%) postmenopausal and only in 17 (15.5%), menstruation revealed irregularity. 3. The average marital age revealed to be 22.3 years ; the largest group were 21-25 group (N=43, 39.1%). The average duration of marital life revealed to be 24.7 years ; 11-20 years group were the largest (M=34, 30.9%). 4. Most of the patients revealed to have pregnancy experiences(N=100, 90.9%) ; the average rate of experience were 5, 3 times the largest group were 3.4 times group(N= 32, 29.1%). 54 patients (49.1%) revealed to have had abortion experience ; the average were 3.4 times. 5. The largest group(N=77, 70%) had been breast feeding : followed by mixed feeding (N=12, 10.9%) and artificial feeding(N=10, 9.1%). 6. Personal health history revealed that in 20 patients (18.2%) revealed to have the past history of Purulent mastitis, 5 patients(4.5%) of breast cancer and 3 patients(2.7%) of uttering cancer family history. 7. In the one half (N=56, 50.9%, they had some information about breast cancer :27 (24.5%) by mass media, 12 (10.9%) through personal contacts and 17 (15.5%) were not able to classify the source of information. 8. In 55 cases (50%) the canoe, mass were discovered incidentally, in 39 cases (35.5%) by manual detection by self, in 10 cases (9%) by others and in 6 cases(5.5%) by observing subjective symptoms. 9. The average duration lapsed between the discovery of cancer mass and the visit to the hospital revealed to be 9.4 month. Chief reason for the delay revealed to be the non-chaplaincy due to the absence of pain(N=50, 45.5 %) followed by the administration of herb and commercial medication (N=19, 17.3%). 10. The left side breast was more affected than the right side breast, represent by 60 cases in the left and 39 cases in the right. The most frequent site of the breast cancer was the upper- outer quadrant in 53 cases (47.7%), and followed by the center in 20 cases(18 %), and the upper inner quadrant, in 19 cases (17.1%). There was / cases of bilateral carcinoma. The most prominent symptom was painless mass.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of Filipino marriage immigrants' acculturation stages in regards to their Korean family life culture and to identify the source of the support for each stage, hence to provide information for educational programs that would promote successful acculturation for each stage. The following findings have been obtained through in-depth interviews with 18 female Filipino immigrants to Korea. In a range of obstacles from the Honeymoon Stage to the Confusion stage, the first are the language and the aspects of the food/cooking/ingredients/diet that are different from their own culture. Especially, pregnancy/childbirth is a major change in one's life and the biggest challenge in the acculturation process. As food and cooking are the first change that the immigrants have to face and get accustomed to in the early stage of their Korean life, the food culture is rather easier for the immigrants to get accustomed to than other parts of Korean life. From the Honeymoon Stage to the Harmony Stage, the immigrants make efforts to help their family in the home, while they look to their future in their children during the Autonomy Stage. Regardless of how long they have been in Korea, from the Honeymoon Stage to the Autonomy Stage, the immigrants have a hard time with the patriarchal environment in Korea due to the bilateral nature of kinship in the Philippines. Secondly, the immigrants receive the most support from their husband, family, and the tutors in Korean culture, while their mothers-in-law are the main source of the support for the Korean diet. At the Confusion Stage, the immigrants start visiting the regional multicultural family support centers and get help from the friends they meet there while depending on the TV for cooking tips. From the Harmony Stage, they may seek a job through the community network with their own effort and their children's help. In the Autonomy Stage, they are concerned about their children rather than their own parents, and they find their own identity as a Korean and realize that their effort is important.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

Objective : Samulatang (herbal description) is much used for women's disease in Korean Traditional Medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate reproductive toxic effect by Samultang in pregnant rats and fetuses, and ascertain a dose-response relationship Method : Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with the Samultang at single, double and quadruple dose for 20 days, orally. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Live fetuses of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. Fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. We observe maternal body weight,, index associated pregnancy, and skeletal malformations in fetus Result : Maternal body weight of Samultang treated group has increased, side effect was not found in maternal body compared to that of control group. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs. Double concentration administered group had lowest value in number of implantation, live fetuses, implantation rate and delivery rate, Also double concentration administered group showed higher early and late resorption rate than the other group. But, these are not significant. In the sex ratio, number of females, bigger than number of males in all Samultang administered groups. The fetuses of dams treated with Samultang didn't showed external and skeletal malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in single, double and quadruple concentration administered group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. There were no significant changes in number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, lumber, sacral and caudal vertebrae Conclusion : Samultang is not expected to affect on pregnant rats and fetus about maternal body weight and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrae and sternum, treated groups were shown insignificant changes in skeletal variation

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2007

Purpose: Cleft lip and/or palate is the most common congenital facial anomaly whose incidence is about 1 in 500~1000 live births. As this anomaly may be associated with the serious chromosomal anomalies or the multiple organ abnormalities resulting in the fetal loss or perinatal maternal morbidity and mortality, careful prenatal counseling with early and accurate detection is important. Although conventional prenatal ultrasound(US) examination in midterm pregnancy has been applied for screening of cleft lip, there are definite limitations in the diagnosis of accompanying cleft palate or alveolar cleft. We applied high-resolution 3D US along the serial axial, coronal and sagittal plane so that we could diagnose the cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft in fetuses with cleft lip. Methods: From May 2005 to September 2005, 20 fetuses with cleft lip were examined with prenatal 3D US. Average maternal age was 28.8 years old(24-35 years old), and average gestational age was 24.8 weeks(17.6 to 34.2 weeks). Consecutive axial, coronal and sagittal multislice view were obtained via prenatal 3D US examination and diagnosis of cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft in cleft lip fetuses was followed. Results: With noninvasive and safe prenatal 3D US examination, 17 of 20 cleft lip fetuses were demonstrated to have cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft. Prenatal counseling according to the result was made. Conclusion: Existing prenatal US examination is suitable for screening the cleft lip fetuses but has limitation in identifying the related existence of cleft palate and/ or alveolar cleft. Authors verify the presence of cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft acquiring the successive multislice axial, coronal, and sagittal view with prenatal 3D US examination. Therefore, prenatal 3D US examination could be regarded as a noninvasive and secure screening modality in fetuses with cleft lip for confirming whether cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft is accompanied.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the KCD codes applied to the treatment of 27 postpartum women who had been treated with Korean traditional medicine in a Korean medicine hospital, so that this study may be used as a basic data for setting the direction of postpartum Korean medical treatment research. Methods: It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center (IRB approval number : WSOH IRB H1708-02-01). Twenty-seven postpartum women who had been treated at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center were received outpatient treatment for two weeks (from September 27, 2017 to January 5, 2018), and the KCD codes applied to the mothers were collected after obtaining the consent. On the day of registration of the study, the fertility, obstetric history and high-risk pregnancies were identified through an interview. Results: 1. The mean age of the 27 subjects was $33.33{\pm}3.99\;years$ old. Among the subjects, 17 mothers (63.0%) were high-risk pregnancy and 10 mothers (37.0%) were normal. 2. Among the 22 major disease categories, 8 categories were used. M code (musculoskeletal system) was used 243 times (70.85%), followed by R code (unclassified symptom) of 51 times (14.87%) and U code (special purpose code) of 23 times (6.71%). 3. The most commonly used code among the ten frequently used codes was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), a total of 47 times. Of the remaining nine codes, except for R60.1 (systemic edema) and U68.4 (The deficiency of yang in Bi), all codes were M codes (musculoskeletal system). 4. The M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category in high-risk group, a total of 159 times. But in specific categories, the most commonly used code was R60.1 (systemic edema), a total of 28 times. 5. In normal group, the M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category, a total of 84 times. Also, in specific categories, the most commonly used code was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), total 29 times. 6. The U code, corresponding to 'the diagnosis of childbirth and other obstetrical medical use', was used 23 times (6.71%), O code three times (0.87%) and Z code two times (0.58%), which was less than 10% of the total number of codes used. Conclusion: When analyzing KCD codes related to Korean medicine treatment for postpartum diseases, it is important to select the KCD codes that reflect the actual clinical state.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2018

Interferon-tau (IFNT) is known as a major conceptus protein that signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants. Also, multiple interferon genes exist in cattle, However, molecular mechanisms of these bovine IFNT (bIFNT) genes whose expressions are limited have not been characterized. We and others have observed that expression levels of bovine subtype IFNT genes in the tissues of ruminants; thus, bIFNT1 and other new type I (bIFNTc1/c2/c3) gene co-exist during the early stages of conceptus development and non-trophoblast cells. Its genes transcription could be regulated through CDX2 and ETS2 and JUN and/or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CREBBP) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. Bovine ear-derived fibroblast cells, were co-transfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying upstream (positions -1000 to +51) regions of bIFNT1 and other new type I gene and various transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each - 1kb-bIFNT1/c1/c2/c3-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with CDX2, ETS2, JUN and/or CREBBP. Also, Its genes was had very effect on activity by CDX2, either alone or with the other transcription factors, markedly increased luciferase activity. However, the degree of transcriptional activation of the bIFNTc1 gene was not similar to that bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene by expression plasmid. Furthermore, Sequence analyses also revealed that the expression levels of bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene mRNAs expression were highest on day 17, 20 and 22 trophoblast and, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Bovine ear-derived fibroblast (EF), and endometrium (Endo) non-trophoblast cells. But, bIFNTc1 mRNA had not same expression level, bIFNTc1 lowest levels than those of IFNT1/c2/c3 gene in both trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells. These results demonstrate that bovine subtype bIFNT genes display differential, in the trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells.